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It has partly been driven from them, by the advantage which the high rate of profit established in Great Britain gives to other countries, in all the…

As the monopoly of the colony trade has drawn from those other branches a part of the British capital, which would otherwise have been employed in…

The colony trade, however, it may perhaps be said, is more advantageous to Great Britain than any other; and the monopoly, by forcing into that trade…

But the monopoly of the colony trade, so far as it has operated upon the employment of the capital of Great Britain, has, in all cases, forced some…

First, The monopoly of the colony trade has, in all cases, forced some part of the capital of Great Britain from a foreign trade of consumption…

The monopoly of the colony trade, too, has forced some part of the capital of Great Britain from all foreign trade of consumption to a carrying trade…

If the manufactures of Great Britain, however, have been advanced, as they certainly have, by the colony trade, it has not been by means of the…

The monopoly hinders the capital of that country, whatever may, at any particular time, be the extent of that capital, from maintaining so great a…

The monopoly, indeed, raises the rate of mercantile profit and thereby augments somewhat the gain of our merchants. But as it obstructs the natural…

All the original sources of revenue, the wages of labour, the rent of land, and the profits of stock, the monopoly renders much less abundant than…

At first sight, no doubt, the monopoly of the great commerce of America naturally seems to be an acquisition of the highest value. To the…

It is thus that the private interests and passions of individuals naturally dispose them to turn their stock towards the employments which in…

All the different regulations of the mercantile system necessarily derange more or less this natural and most advantageous distribution of stock. But…

Monopolies of the second kind may sometimes attract stock towards the particular trade in which they are established, and sometimes repel it from…

Such poor countries as Sweden and Denmark, for example, would probably have never sent a single ship to the East Indies, had not the trade been…

Every different order of citizens is bound to contribute to the support of the sovereign or commonwealth. A tax of five, or even of ten shillings,…

The prohibition, notwithstanding all the penalties which guard it, does not prevent the exportation of wool. It is exported, it is well known, in…

Coals may be considered both as a material of manufacture, and as an instrument of trade. Heavy duties, accordingly, have been imposed upon their…

The laudable motive of all these regulations, is to extend our own manufactures, not by their own improvement, but by the depression of those of…

It is altogether for the benefit of the producer, that bounties are granted upon the exportation of some of his productions. The home consumer is…

By the famous treaty of commerce with Portugal, the consumer is prevented by duties from purchasing of a neighbouring country, a commodity which…

The class of proprietors contributes to the annual produce, by the expense which they may occasionally lay out upon the improvement of the land, upon…

Mercantile stock is equally barren and unproductive with manufacturing stock. It only continues the existence of its own value, without producing any…

It can never be the interest of the proprietors and cultivators, to restrain or to discourage, in any respect, the industry of merchants, artificers,…

It can never be the interest of those landed nations, if I may call them so, to discourage or distress the industry of such mercantile states, by…

According to this liberal and generous system, therefore, the most advantageous method in which a landed nation can raise up artificers,…

Though, by this oppressive policy, a landed nation should be able to raise up artificers, manufacturers, and merchants of its own, somewhat sooner…

As the political economy of the nations of modern Europe has been more favourable to manufactures and foreign trade, the industry of the towns,…

The sovereigns of China, of ancient Egypt, and of the different kingdoms into which Indostan has, at different times, been divided, have always…

Those systems, therefore, which preferring agriculture to all other employments, in order to promote it, impose restraints upon manufactures and…

It is thus that every system which endeavours, either, by extraordinary encouragements to draw towards a particular species of industry a greater…

The third and last duty of the sovereign or commonwealth, is that of erecting and maintaining those public institutions and those public works, which…

When those companies do not trade upon a joint stock, but are obliged to admit any person, properly qualified, upon paying a certain fine, and…

First, In a private copartnery, no partner without the consent of the company, can transfer his share to another person, or introduce a new member…

An eminent French author, of great knowledge in matters of political economy, the Abbe Morellet, gives a list of fifty-five joint-stock companies for…

The only trades which it seems possible for a joint-stock company to carry on successfully, without an exclusive privilege, are those, of which all…

The value of the risk, either from fire, or from loss by sea, or by capture, though it cannot, perhaps, be calculated very exactly, admits, however,…

The great and general utility of the banking trade, when prudently managed, has been fully explained in the second book of this Inquiry. But a public…

The trade of insurance gives great security to the fortunes of private people, and, by dividing among a great many that loss which would ruin an…

Even where the reward of the master does not arise altogether from this natural revenue, it still is not necessary that it should be derived from…

In the early ages, both of the Greek and Roman republics, the other parts of education seem to have consisted in learning to read, write, and account…

It is otherwise with the common people. They have little time to spare for education. Their parents can scarce afford to maintain them, even in…

The post-office is properly a mercantile project. The government advances the expense of establishing the different offices, and of buying or…

No two characters seem more inconsistent than those of trader and sovereign. If the trading spirit of the English East India company renders them…

A state may sometimes derive some part of its public revenue from the interest of money, as well as from the profits of stock. If it has amassed a…

The canton of Berne derives a considerable revenue by lending a part of its treasure to foreign states, that is, by placing it in the public funds of…

A tax upon the rent of land may either be imposed according to a certain canon, every district being valued at a curtain rent, which valuation is not…

In the Venetian territory, all the arable lands which are given in lease to farmers are taxed at a tenth of the rent. {Memoires concernant les Droits…

Some leases prescribe to the tenant a certain mode of cultivation, and a certain succession of crops, during the whole continuance of the lease. This…

Some landlords, instead of a rent in money, require a rent in kind, in corn, cattle, poultry, wine, oil, etc.; others, again, require a rent in…

In the dominions of the king of Prussia, the revenue of the church is taxed much higher than that of lay proprietors. The revenue of the church is,…

Taxes upon the produce of land are, in reality, taxes upon the rent; and though they may be originally advanced by the farmer, are finally paid by…

A tax upon house-rent, payable by the tenant, and proportioned to the whole rent of each house, could not, for any considerable time at least, affect…

In the province of Holland, {Memoires concernant les Droits, etc. p. 223.} every house is taxed at two and a-half per cent. of its value, without any…

The revenue or profit arising from stock naturally divides itself into two parts; that which pays the interest, and which belongs to the owner of the…

First, the quantity and value of the land which any man possesses, can never be a secret, and can always be ascertained with great exactness. But the…

The tax upon stock, imposed by the land tax bill in England, though it is proportioned to the capital, is not intended to diminish or, take away…

Of the former kind, are in England, the tax upon hawkers and pedlars, that upon hackney-coaches and chairs, and that which the keepers of…

A tax, however, upon the profits of stock employed in any particular branch of trade, can never fall finally upon the dealers (who must in all…

What are called poll-taxes in the southern provinces of North America, and the West India islands, annual taxes of so much a-head upon every negro,…