经济诡辩·摘录 259 · 弗雷德里克·巴斯夏

We have seen that all value represents labour. Now, it is quite true that manufacturing labour increases tenfold, sometimes a hundredfold, the value of the raw material; that is to say, it yields ten times, a hundred times, more profit to the nation. Hence men are led to reason thus: The production of a hundredweight of iron brings in a gain of only fifteen shillings to workmen of all classes. The conversion of this hundredweight of iron into the mainsprings of watches raises their earnings to £500; and will any one venture to say that a nation has not a greater interest to secure for its labour a gain of five hundred pounds than a gain of fifteen shillings? We do not exchange a hundredweight of unwrought iron for a hundredweight of watch-springs, nor a hundredweight of unwashed wool for a hundredweight of cashmere shawls; but we exchange a certain value of one of these materials for an equal value of another. Now, to exchange equal value for equal value is to exchange equal labour for equal labour. It is not true, then, that a nation which sells five pounds' worth of wrought fabrics or watch-springs, gains more than a nation which sells five pounds' worth of wool or iron.

出处： https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44145
定位：Excerpt 259 · 核对日期：2026-10-19 · 核验：短摘录

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人们常认为制造业能大幅增加价值，比如把铁做成手表发条，价值翻了很多倍，所以国家应该优先发展制造业。但巴斯夏指出，交换是等量劳动交换等量劳动。你卖五英镑的制成品，换回的是五英镑的原材料，双方付出的劳动量相等。制造业利润高，只是因为资本和劳动投入更多，并不是国家占了便宜。真正重要的是让劳动自由流动，生产社会最需要的东西，而不是人为保护某个行业。

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巴斯夏在《经济诡辩》中反驳重商主义观点，即制造业比原材料出口更有利。

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你是否也曾认为某些行业“更高级”，而忽视了所有劳动在交换中的平等价值？

公版作品；原文逐字取自 Project Gutenberg，仅摘录段落并附全书链接。

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