政治经济学及赋税原理·摘录 121 · 大卫·李嘉图

It has been already remarked, that if the labour of ten men will, on land of a certain quality, obtain 180 quarters of wheat, and its value be 4_l._ per quarter, or 720_l._; and if the labour of ten additional men, will on the same or any other land, produce only 170 quarters in addition, wheat would rise from 4_l._ to 4_l._ 4_s._ 8_d._; for 170: 180:: 4_l._: 4_l._ 4_s._ 8_d._ In other words, as for the production of 170 quarters, the labour of ten men is necessary, in the one case, and only that of 9.44 in the other, the rise would be as 9.44 to 10, or as 4_l._ to 4_l._ 4_s._ 8_d._ In the same manner it might be shewn, that if the labour of ten additional men would only produce 160 quarters, the price would further rise to 4_l._ 10_s._; if 150, to 4_l._ 16_s._, &c. &c.

出处： https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33310
定位：Excerpt 121 · 核对日期：2026-10-19 · 核验：短摘录

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核心是：在越来越差的土地上追加劳动，新增产出会递减，于是同样一夸特小麦所含的劳动变多，价格就上涨。比如十个人先产180夸特，价格每夸特4镑；再加十个人只多产170夸特，新增部分效率更低，价格就按170与180的比例涨到约4镑4先令8便士。若只多产160夸特，价格涨到4镑10先令；150夸特则涨到4镑16先令。道理是：为得到新增的170夸特，一处需十个人的劳动，另一处只需9.44个人的劳动，价格比就是9.44比10。所以，边际产量越低，粮价越高。

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李嘉图《政治经济学及赋税原理》讨论地租与谷物价格，用数字例子说明：耕种劣等地导致边际产量下降，粮价随劳动量上升。

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当资源投入增加而产出增长变慢时，你是否意识到单位成本会上升，并据此调整预期？

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