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托马斯·马尔萨斯:人口论·摘录 18

托马斯·马尔萨斯《人口论》· An Essay on the Principle of Population · 投资

I do not know that any writer has supposed that on this earth man will ultimately be able to live without food. But Mr Godwin has conjectured that the passion between the sexes may in time be extinguished. As, however, he calls this part of his work a deviation into the land of conjecture, I will not dwell longer upon it at present than to say that the best arguments for the perfectibility of man are drawn from a contemplation of the great progress that he has already made from the savage state and the difficulty of saying where he is to stop. But towards the extinction of the passion between the sexes, no progress whatever has hitherto been made. It appears to exist in as much force at present as it did two thousand or four thousand years ago. There are individual exceptions now as there always have been. But, as these exceptions do not appear to increase in number, it would surely be a very unphilosophical mode of arguing to infer, merely from the existence of an exception, that the exception would, in time, become the rule, and the rule the exception.

出处: https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4239
定位:Excerpt 18 · 核对日期:2026-10-19 · 核验:短摘录

白话

马尔萨斯反驳戈德温的猜想:男女之间的情欲终将消失。他说,支持人类可完善的人常拿人类从野蛮状态取得的巨大进步说事,却无法指出进步会在哪里停止;但情欲的消退至今毫无进展,两千或四千年前和现在一样强烈。个别人例外一直存在,但例外数量并未增加,因此仅凭例外存在就推断例外会变成规则、规则会变成例外,是不合哲理的论证。换句话说,不能把个别现象当作普遍趋势的证据。

上下文

马尔萨斯《人口论》第一版(1798年)批评葛德文等乐观主义者,认为人类可无限完善。此处针对葛德文关于情欲可能消失的猜想。

今日一问

你能否区分个别例外与普遍趋势,避免用特例推翻常理?

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