经济诡辩·摘录 178 · 弗雷德里克·巴斯夏

A countryman was possessed of twenty acres of land, which he worked with a capital of £400. He divided his land into four parts, and established the following rotation of crops:--1st, maize; 2d, wheat; 3d, clover; 4th, rye. He required for his own family only a moderate portion of the grain, meat, and milk which his farm produced, and he sold the surplus to buy oil, flax, wine, etc. His whole capital was expended each year in wages, hires, and small payments to the working classes in his neighbourhood. This capital was returned to him in his sales, and even went on increasing year by year; and our countryman, knowing very well that capital produces nothing when it is unemployed, benefited the working classes by devoting the annual surplus to enclosing and clearing his land, and to improving his agricultural implements and farm buildings. He had even some savings in the neighbouring town with his banker, who, of course, did not let the money lie idle in his till, but lent it to shipowners and contractors for public works, so that these savings were always resolving themselves into wages.

出处： https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44145
定位：Excerpt 178 · 核对日期：2026-10-19 · 核验：短摘录

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一个农夫有20英亩地、400英镑资本，他把地分四块轮种玉米、小麦、三叶草、黑麦。自家只留少量粮食、肉和奶，其余卖掉换油、亚麻、酒等。他的资本每年都花在工资、雇工和邻里小工上，卖粮后又收回来，还逐年增加。他明白资本闲置不生产，就把盈余用于开垦、改良农具和农舍，还存钱到银行，银行再贷给船主和公共工程，最终都变成工资。这说明资本只有不断投入生产、流通，才能创造就业、提高工资；保护主义把资本锁在低效行业，反而减少就业。

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这是巴斯夏在《经济诡辩》中讲的一个例子，用来说明资本如何通过流动和再投资创造就业，反驳保护主义。

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你的储蓄或投资是让资本流动起来创造就业，还是闲置或锁在低效领域？

公版作品；原文逐字取自 Project Gutenberg，仅摘录段落并附全书链接。

健康 · 葛洪《肘后备急方》

黃複，須分別之方。切竹煮飲之。又方，搗生瓜根，絞取汁，飲一升至二三升。又方，醋酒浸雞子一宿，吞其白數枚。又方，竹葉切五升，小麥七升，石膏三兩，末，綿裹之，以水一斗五升，煮取七升，一服一升，盡吃即瘥也。又方，生葛根汁二升，好豉一升，梔子三七枚，茵陳切一升，水五升，煮取三升，去滓，納葛汁，分為五服。又方，金色腳雞，雌雞血，在治如食法，熟食肉飲汁令盡，不過再作亦可，下少鹽豉，佳。治毒攻手足腫，疼痛欲斷方，用虎杖根銼，煮，適寒溫以漬足，令踝上…

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事业 · 司馬光《资治通鉴》

潞州圍守歷年，士民凍餒死者太半，市裡蕭條。李嗣昭勸課農桑，寬租緩刑，數年之間，軍城完復。

潞州被围困多年，百姓冻饿而死的超过一半，市面萧条。李嗣昭鼓励农桑，放宽租税，减缓刑罚，几年之间，军城恢复完好。这说明经过长期战乱，恢复民生是关键；轻徭薄赋、劝课农桑能让人心安定，生产恢复，城池自然重振。

事业 · 亨利·福特《我的生活与工作》

The work which we describe as Studies in the Jewish Question, and which is variously described by antagonists as "the Jewish campaign," "the attack on the Jews," "the anti-Semitic pogrom," and so forth, needs no…

福特为《犹太问题研究》系列辩护。他说，反对者把它叫作“犹太运动”“攻击犹太人”“反犹 pogrom”，但作品本身不需要解释，动机和目的应由内容判断。它是对一个深刻影响国家、根源在种族、关乎影响与理想而非个人的问题的贡献。他要求有判断力的读者把文章和可观察的生活对照：若吻合，就成立；在证明其无根据或轻率之前就谴责，是愚蠢的。首要问题是所述是否真实，而批评者恰恰回避这一点。这里的关键是：先查事实，再下判断。

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