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The proportion of the average quantity of all sorts of grain imported into Great Britain to that of all sorts of grain consumed, it has been computed…

The average quantity of all sorts of grain exported from Great Britain does not, according to the same author, exceed the one-and-thirtieth part of…

By the 22d of Charles II. c. 13, the importation of wheat, whenever the price in the home market did not exceed 53s:4d. the quarter, was subjected to…

IV. The trade of the merchant-carrier, or of the importer of foreign corn, in order to export it again, contributes to the plentiful supply of the…

By this statute, the high duties upon importation for home consumption are taken off, so soon as the price of middling wheat rises to 48s. the…

The same statute permits, at the lowest prices, the importation of corn in order to be exported again, duty free, provided it is in the mean time…

Our merchants were, some years ago, out of humour with the crown of Portugal. Some privileges which had been granted them, not by treaty, but by…

Let us suppose, however, that the whole was on account of Great Britain, and that it amounted to a still greater sum than Mr Barretti seems to…

When the tax upon a commodity is so moderate as not to encourage smuggling, the merchant who deals in it, though he advances, does not properly pay…

Some of the foregoing reasonings and observations might, perhaps, have been more properly placed in those chapters of the first book which treat of…

The Venetians, during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, carried on a very advantageous commerce in spiceries and other East India goods,…

Fourthly, In the disposal of their surplus produce, or of what is over and above their own consumption, the English colonies have been more favoured,…

In a country quite covered with wood, where timber consequently is of little or no value, the expense of clearing the ground is the principal…

In a country neither half peopled nor half cultivated, cattle naturally multiply beyond the consumption of the inhabitants, and are often, upon…

Sugar was originally an enumerated commodity, which could only be exported to Great Britain; but in 1751, upon a representation of the sugar-planters…

The most perfect freedom of trade is permitted between the British colonies of America and the West Indies, both in the enumerated and in the…

The liberality of England, however, towards the trade of her colonies, has been confined chiefly to what concerns the market for their produce,…

When those establishments were effectuated, and had become so considerable as to attract the attention of the mother country, the first regulations…

The discovery and colonization of America, it will readily be allowed, have contributed to augment the industry, first, of all the countries which…

This double effect of drawing capital from all other trades, and of raising the rate of profit somewhat higher than it otherwise would have been in…

Secondly, This monopoly has necessarily contributed to keep up the rate of profit, in all the different branches of British trade, higher than it…

But whatever raises, in any country, the ordinary rate of profit higher than it otherwise would be, necessarily subjects that country both to an…

It subjects her to an absolute disadvantage; because, in such branches of trade, her merchants cannot get this greater profit without selling…

It subjects her to a relative disadvantage; because, in such branches of trade, it sets other countries, which are not subject to the same absolute…

Our merchants frequently complain of the high wages of British labour, as the cause of their manufactures being undersold in foreign markets; but…

It is in this manner that the capital of Great Britain, one may justly say, has partly been drawn and partly been driven from the greater part of the…

It has partly been drawn from those branches of trade, by the attraction of superior profit in the colony trade, in consequence of the continual…

It has partly been driven from them, by the advantage which the high rate of profit established in Great Britain gives to other countries, in all the…

As the monopoly of the colony trade has drawn from those other branches a part of the British capital, which would otherwise have been employed in…

The colony trade, however, it may perhaps be said, is more advantageous to Great Britain than any other; and the monopoly, by forcing into that trade…

But the monopoly of the colony trade, so far as it has operated upon the employment of the capital of Great Britain, has, in all cases, forced some…

First, The monopoly of the colony trade has, in all cases, forced some part of the capital of Great Britain from a foreign trade of consumption…

The monopoly of the colony trade, too, has forced some part of the capital of Great Britain from all foreign trade of consumption to a carrying trade…

If the manufactures of Great Britain, however, have been advanced, as they certainly have, by the colony trade, it has not been by means of the…

The monopoly hinders the capital of that country, whatever may, at any particular time, be the extent of that capital, from maintaining so great a…

The monopoly, indeed, raises the rate of mercantile profit and thereby augments somewhat the gain of our merchants. But as it obstructs the natural…

All the original sources of revenue, the wages of labour, the rent of land, and the profits of stock, the monopoly renders much less abundant than…

At first sight, no doubt, the monopoly of the great commerce of America naturally seems to be an acquisition of the highest value. To the…

It is thus that the private interests and passions of individuals naturally dispose them to turn their stock towards the employments which in…

All the different regulations of the mercantile system necessarily derange more or less this natural and most advantageous distribution of stock. But…

Monopolies of the second kind may sometimes attract stock towards the particular trade in which they are established, and sometimes repel it from…

Such poor countries as Sweden and Denmark, for example, would probably have never sent a single ship to the East Indies, had not the trade been…

Every different order of citizens is bound to contribute to the support of the sovereign or commonwealth. A tax of five, or even of ten shillings,…

The prohibition, notwithstanding all the penalties which guard it, does not prevent the exportation of wool. It is exported, it is well known, in…

Coals may be considered both as a material of manufacture, and as an instrument of trade. Heavy duties, accordingly, have been imposed upon their…

The laudable motive of all these regulations, is to extend our own manufactures, not by their own improvement, but by the depression of those of…

It is altogether for the benefit of the producer, that bounties are granted upon the exportation of some of his productions. The home consumer is…

By the famous treaty of commerce with Portugal, the consumer is prevented by duties from purchasing of a neighbouring country, a commodity which…

The class of proprietors contributes to the annual produce, by the expense which they may occasionally lay out upon the improvement of the land, upon…

Mercantile stock is equally barren and unproductive with manufacturing stock. It only continues the existence of its own value, without producing any…

It can never be the interest of the proprietors and cultivators, to restrain or to discourage, in any respect, the industry of merchants, artificers,…

It can never be the interest of those landed nations, if I may call them so, to discourage or distress the industry of such mercantile states, by…

According to this liberal and generous system, therefore, the most advantageous method in which a landed nation can raise up artificers,…

Though, by this oppressive policy, a landed nation should be able to raise up artificers, manufacturers, and merchants of its own, somewhat sooner…

As the political economy of the nations of modern Europe has been more favourable to manufactures and foreign trade, the industry of the towns,…

The sovereigns of China, of ancient Egypt, and of the different kingdoms into which Indostan has, at different times, been divided, have always…

Those systems, therefore, which preferring agriculture to all other employments, in order to promote it, impose restraints upon manufactures and…

It is thus that every system which endeavours, either, by extraordinary encouragements to draw towards a particular species of industry a greater…

The third and last duty of the sovereign or commonwealth, is that of erecting and maintaining those public institutions and those public works, which…

When those companies do not trade upon a joint stock, but are obliged to admit any person, properly qualified, upon paying a certain fine, and…