节俭·摘录 248 · 塞缪尔·斯迈尔斯

English benefit societies, notwithstanding their great uses and benefits, have numerous defects. There are faults in the details of their organization and management, whilst many of them are financially unsound. Like other institutions in their early stages, they have been tentative and in a great measure empirical,--more especially as regards their rates of contribution and allowances for sick relief. The rates have in many cases been fixed too low, in proportion to the benefits allowed; and hence the "box" is often declared to be closed, after the money subscribed has been expended. The society then comes to an end, and the older members have to go without relief for the rest of their lives. But life assurance societies themselves have had to undergo the same discipline of failure, and the operation of "winding up" has not unfrequently thrown discredit upon these middle-class associations.

出处： https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14418
定位：Excerpt 248 · 核对日期：2026-10-19 · 核验：短摘录

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英国互助会虽然用处很大，毛病也不少。组织管理细节有缺陷，很多会财务上不稳健。像其他早期机构一样，它们多是试探性的、凭经验办事，尤其在缴费标准和病假补贴上。很多会缴费定得太低，与福利不成比例，结果钱花完了，箱子就关了，协会倒闭，老会员后半辈子没了救济。不过，人寿保险公司也经历过同样的失败教训，清盘的事也常让中产阶级的协会丢脸。所以，问题不在互助本身，而在精算和管理。要办得长久，就得按风险定缴费，留足储备，不能只顾眼前。

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斯迈尔斯在《节俭》中讨论互助会的缺陷，当时英国互助会运动蓬勃发展，但许多因管理不善而倒闭。

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你参与过的小型互助或储蓄计划，有没有算过长期风险？

公版作品；原文逐字取自 Project Gutenberg，仅摘录段落并附全书链接。

健康 · 龚廷贤《寿世保元》

生姜十四片。水煎服。名星香散。一論中风卒然倒仆。牙关紧急。不省人事。并解上膈壅热。痰涎不利。咽喉肿闭。一应热毒又能消食化气。兼治食疟。取积下热。并缠喉风。卒死。心头犹温。灌起立苏。雄黄解毒丸。（方见小儿通治）壮盛之人暂服。一論中风暗风。气厥不省人事。宜服。 \x牛黄紫金丹\x 牛黄（三分）朱砂（二分）阿芙蓉（一錢）沉香（一錢）冰片（三分）广木香（五分）麝香（二分）上爲细末。人乳爲丸四十数。阴干。每服一丸。梨汁送下。如无梨…

这段讲中风卒然倒仆、牙关紧急、不省人事的多种急救方。雄黄解毒丸能解上膈壅热、痰涎不利、咽喉肿闭，还能消食化气、治食疟、缠喉风，卒死心头尚温的灌下可苏，但壮盛之人只能暂服。牛黄紫金丹用牛黄、朱砂、阿芙蓉、沉香、冰片、木香、麝香，人乳为丸，梨汁送下，治中风暗风、气厥不省人事。还有治中风邪四肢麻痹、骨节疼痛、手足瘫痪、语言謇涩的乌药顺气散。

事业 · 司馬光《资治通鉴》

新豐令房恭懿，政為三輔之最，帝賜以粟帛。雍州諸縣令朝謁，帝見恭懿，必呼至榻前，訪以治民之術。累遷德州司馬。帝謂諸州朝集使曰：「房恭懿志存體國，愛養我民，此乃上天宗廟之所祐。朕若置而不賞，上天宗廟必當責我。卿等宜師範之。」因擢為海州刺史。由是州縣吏多稱職，百姓富庶。

新丰令房恭懿政绩为三辅之最，隋文帝赐粟帛。雍州各县令朝见，文帝见恭懿，必叫到榻前，询问治民之术。累迁德州司马。文帝对诸州朝集使说：“房恭懿志在体国，爱护我民，这是上天宗庙保佑。我若置而不赏，上天宗庙必责我。你们应向他学习。”于是提拔为海州刺史。因此州县吏多称职，百姓富庶。

投资 · 亚当·斯密《国富论》

This balance of produce and consumption is entirely different from what is called the balance of trade. It might take place in a nation which had no foreign trade, but which was entirely separated from all the world. It…

这种生产与消费的平衡，和所谓的贸易平衡完全不同。它可能发生在一个没有对外贸易、与世隔绝的国家；也可能发生在整个地球，无论其财富、人口和改良是逐渐增加还是逐渐减少。

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