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大卫·李嘉图:政治经济学及赋税原理·摘录 12
大卫·李嘉图《政治经济学及赋税原理》· On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation · 投资
If the shoes and clothing of the labourer, could, by improvements in machinery, be produced by one fourth of the labour now necessary to their production, they would probably fall 75 per cent.; but so far is it from being true, that the labourer would thereby be enabled permanently to consume four coats, or four pair of shoes, instead of one, that his wages would in no long time be adjusted by the effects of competition, and the stimulus to population, to the new value of the necessaries on which they were expended. If these improvements extended to all the objects of the labourer's consumption, we should find him probably at the end of a very few years, in possession of only a small, if any, addition to his enjoyments, although the exchangeable value of those commodities, compared with any other commodity, in the manufacture of which no such improvement were made, had sustained a very considerable reduction; and though they were the produce of a very considerably diminished quantity of labour.
出处:
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33310
定位:Excerpt 12 · 核对日期:2026-10-19 · 核验:短摘录
白话
李嘉图说,如果机器改进使工人所需的鞋和衣服只需现在四分之一劳动就能生产,这些商品价格可能下降75%。但工人并不会因此长期穿四件外套或四双鞋,因为竞争和人口增长会把工资调整到新必需品价值水平。即使改进扩展到所有消费品,工人享受的增加也很小,尽管这些商品交换价值大降、劳动量大减。核心是:生产率提高的好处未必留在工人手里,工资会被竞争压回生存水平。
上下文
李嘉图在《政治经济学及赋税原理》中讨论机器改进对工资和工人消费的影响,体现其工资铁律思想。
今日一问
当生产率提高时,你认为普通工人能分享多少好处?为什么?
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