政治经济学及赋税原理·摘录 268 · 大卫·李嘉图

The exchanges between countries are at par only, whilst they have precisely that quantity of currency which in the actual situation of things they should have to carry on the circulation of their commodities. If the trade in the precious metals were perfectly free, and money could be exported without any expense whatever, the exchanges could be no otherwise in every country than at par. If the trade in the precious metals were perfectly free, if they were generally used in circulation, even with the expenses of transporting them, the exchange could never in any of them deviate more from par, than by these expenses. These principles I believe are now no where disputed. If a country used paper money not exchangeable for specie, and therefore not regulated by any fixed standard, the exchanges in that country might deviate as much from par, as its money might be multiplied beyond that quantity which would have been allotted to it by general commerce, if the trade in money had been free, and the precious metals had been used, either for money, or for the standard of money.

出处： https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33310
定位：Excerpt 268 · 核对日期：2026-10-19 · 核验：短摘录

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李嘉图解释汇率平价的条件：两国汇率处于平价，只有当它们拥有的货币量恰好够流通商品。如果贵金属贸易完全自由，且运输无成本，汇率就总是平价；即使有运输成本，汇率偏离平价也不会超过这些成本。这些原则当时已无争议。但如果一国使用不可兑换的纸币，且不受固定标准约束，那么汇率偏离平价的程度，就取决于纸币超发的程度——超发越多，偏离越大。核心是：货币量要与商品流通需要相匹配，自由兑换和自由流动是汇率稳定的基础。

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李嘉图在《政治经济学及赋税原理》中讨论汇率决定，对比金属货币与不可兑换纸币的不同。

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如果货币可以随意超发而不受约束，你觉得普通人的购买力会受什么影响？

公版作品；原文逐字取自 Project Gutenberg，仅摘录段落并附全书链接。

健康 · 龚廷贤《寿世保元》

口角出沫。指甲青黑。服此藥即出。一恶露未尽。乃失而不治。又过食酸咸之物。因而得崩漏。一血昏眼花。坐起不得。一血迷心窍。不能言语。一败血乘虚。散流四肢。因而浮肿。一败血爲害。口渴舌燥。乍寒乍热似疟。一败血入心。烦躁发狂。言语错乱。或妄见似癫。一败血停留肢节间。遍身疼痛一月中饮冷。败血凝聚。腹痛难忍。或致泻痢。一晡热鼻孔中黑一败血结聚。小便闭涩。大便艰难。一败血冲心。喉中气急发喘。一败血滞脾胃中。心腹胀满。呕吐似翻胃。一产…

口角出沫、指甲青黑，服黑神散药即出。恶露未尽失治，又过食酸咸，会得崩漏；血昏眼花坐起不得；血迷心窍不能言语；败血乘虚散流四肢而浮肿；败血为害口渴舌燥、乍寒乍热像疟疾；败血入心烦躁发狂、言语错乱、妄见似癫；败血停留肢节间遍身疼痛；月中饮冷败血凝聚腹痛难忍，或致泻痢；晡热鼻孔中黑；败血结聚小便闭涩大便艰难；败血冲心喉中气急发喘；败血滞脾胃心腹胀满呕吐似翻胃。产后各种怪症难以名状，多是败血所致，服此立效，真仙方。产后心腹痛、瘀血不行或儿枕痛危急，用当归、川芎、白芷、元胡、官桂、牡丹皮、蒲黄、五灵脂、没药、白芍。

事业 · 司馬光《资治通鉴》

7 烏桓乘匈奴之弱，擊破之，匈奴北徙數千里，幕南地空。詔罷諸邊郡亭候、吏卒，以幣帛招降烏桓。

乌桓趁匈奴衰弱，打败了他们，匈奴向北迁徙几千里，大漠以南空地。汉朝下诏撤销边境各郡的哨所和吏卒，用财物招降乌桓。核心是：趁对手内乱，调整边防，用经济手段拉拢新势力。为什么？因为匈奴北迁，边境压力减小，不必维持大量驻军。怎么做？减少军事开支，用礼物和利益吸引乌桓归附，化敌为友。

事业 · P.T. 巴纳姆《奋斗与胜利》

Granted, but, after all, the man who looks upon the loss of money as anything compared to the loss of honor, or health, or self-respect, or friends,--a man who can find no source of happiness except in riches,--is to be…

巴纳姆承认，失去金钱、失去家和家里的舒适确实可怕，被逼着离开所爱的人、离开原以为能养老送终的地方，实在是个严厉的教训。但他认为，一个人如果把丢钱看得比丢名誉、健康、自尊或朋友还重，除了发财就找不到别的快乐，那才真可怜，是瞎了眼。他坚信这一切终究是最好的安排，哪怕心碎也不抱怨。核心是：钱重要，但不是唯一；失去时允许自己难过，但别把全部幸福押在钱上。

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