人口论·摘录 115 · 托马斯·马尔萨斯

It might be urged perhaps by some objectors that, as the fertility of the land increased, and various accidents occurred, the share of some men might be much more than sufficient for their support, and that when the reign of self-love was once established, they would not distribute their surplus produce without some compensation in return. It would be observed, in answer, that this was an inconvenience greatly to be lamented; but that it was an evil which bore no comparison to the black train of distresses that would inevitably be occasioned by the insecurity of property; that the quantity of food which one man could consume was necessarily limited by the narrow capacity of the human stomach; that it was not certainly probable that he should throw away the rest; but that even if he exchanged his surplus food for the labour of others, and made them in some degree dependent on him, this would still be better than that these others should absolutely starve.

出处： https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/4239
定位：Excerpt 115 · 核对日期：2026-10-19 · 核验：短摘录

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有人可能会反驳：土地肥力提高、偶然事件发生后，某些人分到的份额可能远超所需；一旦自爱之心确立，他们不会白白把余粮分给别人，总要换点回报。马尔萨斯回应说，这确实是个遗憾的麻烦，但比起财产不安全带来的种种苦难，简直不值一提。一个人能吃多少，受胃容量限制；他不太可能把余粮扔掉。就算他拿余粮换别人的劳动，让别人在某种程度上依赖他，那也总比让那些人活活饿死要好得多。

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马尔萨斯在《人口论》中讨论财产权和不平等的起源。他承认不平等有弊端，但认为比起无政府状态下的普遍苦难，它仍是更优选择。

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当效率与公平冲突时，我们是否愿意接受某种程度的不平等，来换取基本秩序和更多人的生存？

公版作品；原文逐字取自 Project Gutenberg，仅摘录段落并附全书链接。

健康 · 龚廷贤《寿世保元》

日渐消瘦。或大肠虚闭。或内病之后。胸中虚痞。不思饮食。并皆治之。 \x分心气饮\x 青皮（去穣二錢）陈皮（二錢）半夏（二錢姜炒）白茯苓（去皮二錢）木通（二錢）官桂（五分）赤芍（二錢）桑白皮（三錢）大腹皮（三錢）紫苏（一錢）羌活（二錢）甘草（八分）上锉作剂。生姜三片。枣一枚。灯心十茎。水煎。温服。性急。加柴胡。多怒。加黄芩食少。加砂仁、神曲。咳嗽。加桔梗、半夏。胸膈痞闷。加枳實、香附。三焦不和加乌藥。气闭加萝卜子、枳壳。气…

气病日久会日渐消瘦，或大肠虚闭，或病后胸中虚痞、不思饮食，都可用分心气饮治疗：青皮、陈皮、半夏、白茯苓、木通、官桂、赤芍、桑白皮、大腹皮、紫苏、羌活、甘草，加生姜、枣、灯心水煎温服。性急加柴胡，多怒加黄芩，食少加砂仁、神曲，咳嗽加桔梗、半夏，胸膈痞闷加枳实、香附，三焦不和加乌药，气闭加萝卜子、枳壳，气滞腰疼加木瓜、枳壳，上焦热加黄芩，下焦热加栀子，翻胃加沉香磨服，水气面目浮肿加猪苓、泽泻、车前、木瓜、葶苈、麦门冬，气块加三棱、莪术。一方去赤芍、羌活。

事业 · 司馬光《资治通鉴》

23 關中大饑，米斛萬錢，人相食。令民就食蜀、漢。

关中发生大饥荒，米价一斛涨到一万钱，出现了人吃人的惨状。刘邦下令让百姓到蜀地、汉中一带去逃荒就食。这反映了秦末战乱后民生凋敝的严重程度，也体现了古代政府应对灾荒的一种办法：组织灾民迁移到粮食相对充足的地方，而不是坐等饿死。虽然迁徙艰难，但总比困守死地强。对今天来说，遇到资源危机时，主动调整布局、引导人口和资源流动，比硬扛更有效。

事业 · 约翰·D·洛克菲勒《洛克菲勒回忆录》

In my early days men acted just as they do now, no doubt. When there was anything to be done for general trade betterment, almost every man had some good reason for believing that his case was a special one different…

洛克菲勒说，早年人们的行为和现在一样。每当要为行业整体利益做点事，几乎每个人都觉得自己情况特殊，有理由不参与。他们做傻事、想傻事、有不切实际的计划，总说“我的情况不一样”。他们总说自己是那个必须亏本卖、破坏同行计划的人，因为自己的处境绝对不同。要说服这些人相信“完美时机永远不会来”往往很难。这提醒我们：不要总强调自己的特殊性而拒绝合作；行业共同利益需要大家放下借口，接受不完美时机，先行动。

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