经济诡辩·摘录 54 · 弗雷德里克·巴斯夏

In this, as in other cases, we shall find protectionist theorists viewing their subject from the producer's stand-point, whilst we advocate the cause of the unfortunate consumers, whose interests they studiously keep out of sight. They institute a comparison between the field of industry and the _turf_. But as regards the latter, the race is at once the _means_ and the _end_. The public feels no interest in the competition beyond the competition itself. When you start your horses, your _end_, your object, is to find out which is the swiftest runner, and I see your reason for equalizing the weights. But if your _end_, your object, were to secure the arrival of some important and urgent news at the winning-post, could you, without inconsistency, throw obstacles in the way of any one who should offer you the best means of expediting your message? This is what you do in commercial affairs. You forget the end, the object sought to be attained, which is material prosperity; you disregard it, you sacrifice it to a veritable _petitio principii_; in plain language, you are begging the question.

出处： https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/44145
定位：Excerpt 54 · 核对日期：2026-10-19 · 核验：短摘录

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巴斯夏指出，保护主义者总站在生产者角度看问题，却故意忽略消费者利益。他们拿工业竞争比作赛马：赛马时给马加负重是为了公平比出谁快，比赛本身就是目的。但商业不是赛马，商业的目的是物质繁荣，是让重要消息尽快送到。如果目的是送达，就不该给跑得快的人设障碍。保护主义者却忘了目的，把手段当目的，等于循环论证：先假定限制竞争是对的，再用它证明限制竞争必要。做法是：讨论贸易政策时，先问最终要服务谁、要达成什么，别把保护某个行业当成终极目标。

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巴斯夏在《经济诡辩》中反驳保护主义。他用赛马比喻说明：竞争是手段，繁荣才是目的。

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你支持某项政策时，是在服务最终目的，还是把保护某个群体当成了目的本身？

公版作品；原文逐字取自 Project Gutenberg，仅摘录段落并附全书链接。

健康 · 龚廷贤《寿世保元》

鸡（一具并晒干去秽净不用水洗男用雌鸡女用雄鸡）上爲末。每服二錢。空心滚湯送下。二三服愈。一治遗尿失禁。益智仁七个。桑螵蛸七个。爲末。酒调服。用熟白果七个送下。一治夜多小便。用益智仁二十四个研碎。入盐同煎服。一治小便多。萆夜煎服之。永不夜起。一治夜多小便。用胡桃。灰煨熟。临卧。温酒嚼下。一治小便内虚热者。频数不禁。用六味地黄丸服效。一治气不足。脉微而涩。小便频数。用小茴香不拘多少。同盐炒爲末。取糯米糕片炙软热。蘸藥吃。…

治遗尿不禁：鸡一具，晒干去秽，不用水洗，男用雌鸡、女用雄鸡，研末，每服二钱，空心滚汤送下，二三服愈。又方：益智仁七个、桑螵蛸七个，研末酒调，熟白果七个送下。夜多小便：益智仁二十四个研碎，入盐同煎服；或萆薢夜煎服，永不夜起；或胡桃灰煨熟，临卧温酒嚼下。小便内虚热、频数不禁，服六味地黄丸。气不足、脉微而涩、小便频数，小茴香同盐炒末，糯米糕片炙软蘸药吃。小便频数，猪尿胞洗净，糯米煮烂，入椒少许同煮，去椒，只吃胞。遗尿多气虚，益气汤去柴胡，加茯苓、熟地、益智仁、肉桂。小便频数或劳而益甚，属脾气虚弱。

事业 · 司馬光《资治通鉴》

乙末，突厥可汗默啜遣其子同俄特勒及妹夫火拔頡利發、石阿失畢將兵圍北庭都護府，都護郭虔瓘擊敗之。同俄單騎逼城下，虔瓘伏壯士於道側，突起斬之。突厥請悉軍中資糧以贖同俄，聞其已死，慟哭而去。

核心是：战场胜利靠谋略和果断。突厥可汗默啜派其子同俄特勒等围北庭都护府，都护郭虔瓘击败之。同俄单骑逼近城下，郭虔瓘在路旁埋伏壮士，突然杀出斩之。突厥请求用军中全部资粮赎回同俄，得知已死，恸哭而去。这体现：面对强敌，要善用地形和伏击，擒贼先擒王；同时，情报要准，行动要快，不让对手有反应时间。

事业 · 安德鲁·卡内基《安德鲁·卡内基自传》

In later years he declined an interest in the firm which would have made him a millionaire. I told him one day that some of the young men who had been given an interest were now making much more than he was and we had…

后来，琼斯拒绝了公司的一份股份，那本可以让他成为百万富翁。卡内基有一天告诉他，一些获得股份的年轻人现在收入比他高得多，公司已投票决定让他成为合伙人。这不会带来财务责任，因为他们总是规定，授予股份的成本只从利润中支付。琼斯却不为所动。这反映了卡内基的分享财富理念，也说明有些人更看重工作自主和简单生活，而不是财富积累。管理者要理解不同人的动机。

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