有闲阶级论·摘录 97 · 托斯丹·凡勃伦

The institution of a leisure class has an effect not only upon social structure but also upon the individual character of the members of society. So soon as a given proclivity or a given point of view has won acceptance as an authoritative standard or norm of life it will react upon the character of the members of the society which has accepted it as a norm. It will to some extent shape their habits of thought and will exercise a selective surveillance over the development of men's aptitudes and inclinations. This effect is wrought partly by a coercive, educational adaptation of the habits of all individuals, partly by a selective elimination of the unfit individuals and lines of descent. Such human material as does not lend itself to the methods of life imposed by the accepted scheme suffers more or less elimination as well as repression. The principles of pecuniary emulation and of industrial exemption have in this way been erected into canons of life, and have become coercive factors of some importance in the situation to which men have to adapt themselves.

出处： https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/833
定位：Excerpt 97 · 核对日期：2026-10-19 · 核验：短摘录

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有闲阶级一旦确立，不仅改变社会结构，也塑造每个人的性格。当某种倾向被公认为生活标准，它就会反过来影响接受它的人：一方面通过教育强迫所有人适应，另一方面淘汰不适应的人及其后代。于是，金钱攀比和免于劳动成了生活准则，变成人们必须适应的强大力量。

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凡勃伦《有闲阶级论》讨论制度如何塑造人性，强调社会规范对个体的选择作用。

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你身边有哪些“公认标准”正在悄悄塑造你的习惯和选择？

公版作品；原文逐字取自 Project Gutenberg，仅摘录段落并附全书链接。

健康 · 吴瑭《温病条辨》

加濃朴、廣皮，取其行氣。合而言之，「辛甘為陽，辛苦能通」之義也。【附子理中湯去甘草加濃朴廣皮湯方】（辛甘兼苦法）生茅朮（三錢）人參（一錢五分）炮乾薑（一錢五分）濃朴（二錢）廣皮（一錢五分）生附子（一錢五分，炮黑）水五杯，煮取八分二杯，分二次服。五十、寒濕傷脾胃兩陽，寒熱，不飢，吞酸，形寒，或脘中痞悶，或酒客濕聚，苓薑朮桂湯主之。此兼運脾胃，宣通陽氣之輕劑也。【苓薑朮桂湯方】（苦辛溫法）茯苓塊（五錢）生薑（三錢）炒白朮（三錢）桂枝（三錢…

寒湿伤了脾胃的阳气，人会出现怕冷发热、不觉得饿、反酸、怕冷，或者胃脘部堵闷；常喝酒的人湿气聚集，也适用苓姜术桂汤。这个方子用茯苓、生姜、炒白术、桂枝，是温和地健脾祛湿、通阳的轻剂。如果湿邪更重，吐泻交作、发冷发热、身体疼痛，或者不发热但肚子痛，这叫霍乱；寒象明显、不想喝水的，用理中汤。核心是：脾胃阳气被寒湿困住，要温运脾胃、宣通阳气，而不是一味止吐止泻。做法上，轻证用苓姜术桂汤，重证用理中汤，根据寒湿轻重选方。

事业 · 司馬光《资治通鉴》

初，林邑王范頭利卒，子真龍立，大臣伽獨弒之，盡滅范氏。伽獨自立，國人弗從，乃立頭利之婿婆羅門為王。國人鹹思范氏，復罷婆羅門，立頭利之女為王。女不能治國，有諸葛地者，頭利之姑子也，父為頭利所殺，南奔真臘，大臣可倫翁定遣使迎而立之，妻以女王，眾然後定。夏，四月，戊子，遣使入貢。

林邑国（今越南中南部）的王位继承乱成一团：国王范头利死后，儿子真龙继位，却被大臣伽独杀掉，范氏家族几乎被灭。伽独自己想当王，但国人不服，只好立范头利的女婿婆罗门为王。可大家还是怀念范氏，又把婆罗门废了，改立范头利的女儿为王。女人治国不容易，这时有个叫诸葛地的人，是范头利姑姑的儿子，他父亲被范头利所杀，他逃到真腊。大臣可伦翁定派人把他迎回来立为王，并让他娶了那位女王，人心才安定下来。这年夏天四月，林邑派使者来唐朝进贡。

事业 · 约翰·D·洛克菲勒《洛克菲勒回忆录》

I went to a bank president whom I knew, and who knew me. I remember perfectly how anxious I was to get that loan and to establish myself favourably with the banker. This gentleman was T.P. Handy, a sweet and gentle…

洛克菲勒去找认识的银行行长汉迪，一个和善、正直、关心年轻人的老人。他非常紧张，把生意细节、借款用途等全部坦白告诉对方，然后焦急等待答复。核心是：向银行借钱时，诚实透明和充分准备最能赢得信任。做法：提前整理业务数据，如实说明借款用途和还款来源，尊重对方判断，不隐瞒风险。

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