Adam Smith：The Wealth of Nations, Book I, Chapter VII, Paragraph 171

The exclusive privileges of corporations, statutes of apprenticeship, and all those laws which restrain in particular employments, the competition to a smaller number than might otherwise go into them, have the same tendency, though in a less degree. They are a sort of enlarged monopolies, and may frequently, for ages together, and in whole classes of employments, keep up the market price of particular commodities above the natural price, and maintain both the wages of the labour and the profits of the stock employed about them somewhat above their natural rate.

Source： https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/3300
Locator：Book I, Chapter VII, paragraph 171 · Verified：2026-10-19 · Verification：Exact match

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