投资 · 西方古典
大卫·李嘉图：政治经济学及赋税原理·摘录 151
大卫·李嘉图《政治经济学及赋税原理》· On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation · 投资
To produce the wine in Portugal, might require only the labour of eighty men for one year, and to produce the cloth in the same country, might require the labour of ninety men for the same time. It would therefore be advantageous for her to export wine in exchange for cloth. This exchange might even take place, notwithstanding that the commodity imported by Portugal could be produced there with less labour than in England. Though she could make the cloth with the labour of ninety men, she would import it from a country where it required the labour of 100 men to produce it, because it would be advantageous to her rather to employ her capital in the production of wine, for which she would obtain more cloth from England, than she could produce by diverting a portion of her capital from the cultivation of vines to the manufacture of cloth.
出处：
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33310
定位：Excerpt 151 · 核对日期：2026-10-19 · 核验：短摘录
白话
核心是：即使一国生产两种商品都比另一国更省力，它仍应集中生产自己相对更擅长的那个，然后交换。比如葡萄牙生产酒只需80人一年，生产布需90人一年；英国生产布需100人。葡萄牙自己织布虽比英国省，但若把用于织布的资本转去酿酒，再用酒换英国布，换回的布比自己织的更多。所以葡萄牙应出口酒、进口布。做法是：比较两国生产两种商品的相对成本，找出本国机会成本较低的产品，专业化生产并出口，进口机会成本较高的产品。这样双方都能从贸易中获益，不必追求绝对成本最低。
上下文
大卫·李嘉图《政治经济学及赋税原理》（1817年）中的比较优势理论，用葡萄牙与英国的酒和布举例说明。
今日一问
你目前的工作或业务中，哪件事是你相对最擅长的？是否该把其他事外包或交换出去？
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