投资 · 西方古典
大卫·李嘉图：政治经济学及赋税原理·摘录 152
大卫·李嘉图《政治经济学及赋税原理》· On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation · 投资
It would undoubtedly be advantageous to the capitalists of England, and to the consumers in both countries, that under such circumstances, the wine and the cloth should both be made in Portugal, and therefore that the capital and labour of England employed in making cloth, should be removed to Portugal for that purpose. In that case, the relative value of these commodities would be regulated by the same principle, as if one were the produce of Yorkshire, and the other of London; and in every other case, if capital freely flowed towards those countries where it could be most profitably employed, there could be no difference in the rate of profit, and no other difference in the real or labour price of commodities, than the additional quantity of labour required to convey them to the various markets where they were to be sold.
出处：
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33310
定位：Excerpt 152 · 核对日期：2026-10-19 · 核验：短摘录
白话
核心是：如果资本能自由流向利润最高的地方，那么酒和布都该在葡萄牙生产，英国用于织布的资本和劳动就该移到葡萄牙。这样，两种商品的相对价值就像同一国内不同地区（如约克郡和伦敦）的产品一样，由同一原则决定；各国利润率会趋于相等，商品真实价格（劳动价格）的差别只在于运到不同市场所需的额外劳动量。但现实中资本不会完全自由流动，所以各国利润率仍有差异。可执行的做法是：理解资本流动的限制，才能解释为何各国生产结构不同、利润率不同。
上下文
李嘉图在讨论比较优势后，进一步假设资本自由流动的情形，说明利润率均等化的理论条件。
今日一问
如果资本和人才可以完全自由流动，你所在行业的地域分工和利润格局会怎样变化？
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