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大卫·李嘉图:政治经济学及赋税原理·摘录 307

大卫·李嘉图《政治经济学及赋税原理》· On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation · 投资

But these natural agents, though they add greatly to _value in use_, never add exchangeable value, of which M. Say is speaking, to a commodity: as soon as by the aid of machinery, or by the knowledge of natural philosophy, you oblige natural agents to do the work which was before done by man, the exchangeable value of such work falls accordingly. If ten men turned a corn mill, and it be discovered that by the assistance of wind, or of water, the labour of these ten men may be spared, the flour, which is the produce of the work performed by the mill, would immediately fall in value, in proportion to the quantity of labour saved; and the society would be richer by the commodities which the labour of the ten men could produce, the funds destined for their maintenance being in no degree impaired.

出处: https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33310
定位:Excerpt 307 · 核对日期:2026-10-19 · 核验:短摘录

白话

自然力能大幅增加使用价值,但从不增加交换价值。一旦用机器或科学知识让风力、水力代替人力干活,相关产品的交换价值就按节省的劳动量下降。比如十个人推磨,发现用风车或水磨能省下这十个人的劳动,面粉价值立刻按节省的劳动比例下跌;社会反而更富,因为那十个人可以转去生产别的商品,而他们的生活资料丝毫未损。核心是:交换价值来自劳动,自然力免费,所以不创造交换价值,只让东西更便宜、社会更富。

上下文

李嘉图《政治经济学及赋税原理》批评萨伊的观点,讨论自然力与价值的关系。

今日一问

你身边有哪些“自然力替代人力”的例子?它让谁更富、谁更便宜?

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