政治经济学及赋税原理·摘录 36 · 大卫·李嘉图

But, as no wages would be paid by the owner of the machine, which would last 100 years, when profits fell to 5 per cent. the price of his goods must fall to 1007_l._ 13_s._ 8_d._ viz. 1000_l._ to pay his profits, and 7_l._ 13_s._ 8_d._ to accumulate for 100 years at 5 per cent. to replace his capital of 20,000_l._ When profits fell to 4 per cent. his goods must sell for 816_l._ 3_s._ 2_d._, and when at 3 per cent. for 632_l._ 16_s._ 7_d._ By a rise in the price of labour then, under 7 per cent., which has no effect on the prices of commodities wholly produced by labour, a fall of no less than 68 per cent. is effected on those commodities wholly produced by machinery. If the proprietor of the machine sold his goods for more than 632_l._ 16_s._ 7_d._, he would get more than 3 per cent., the general profit of stock; and as others could furnish themselves with machines at the same price of 20,000_l._ they would be so multiplied, that he would be inevitably obliged to sink the price of his goods, till they afforded only the usual and general profits of stock.

出处： https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33310
定位：Excerpt 36 · 核对日期：2026-10-19 · 核验：短摘录

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但是，由于机器所有者不支付工资，而机器能用100年，当利润降到5%时，他的商品价格必须降到1007镑13先令8便士，其中1000镑支付利润，7镑13先令8便士用于按5%复利积累100年以重置2万镑资本。利润降到4%时，商品售价为816镑3先令2便士；降到3%时，为632镑16先令7便士。因此，在利润率低于7%时，劳动价格上升对完全由劳动生产的商品价格没有影响，却使完全由机器生产的商品价格下降高达68%。如果机器所有者售价高于632镑16先令7便士，他就获得超过3%的利润，但其他人也能以2万镑购买机器，竞争会使价格降至一般利润水平。核心是：机器生产的产品价格受利润率影响巨大，竞争最终使价格趋于一般利润。可执行的做法是：投资机器生产时，要预期利润率下降会导致产品价格大幅下降，需通过规模或创新保持竞争力。

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李嘉图分析机器生产下利润率下降对商品价格的影响，强调竞争的作用。

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如果你的行业大量使用机器，利润率下降会如何影响产品价格和你的策略？

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