有闲阶级论·摘录 65 · 托斯丹·凡勃伦

Public parks of course fall in the same category with the lawn; they too, at their best, are imitations of the pasture. Such a park is of course best kept by grazing, and the cattle on the grass are themselves no mean addition to the beauty of the thing, as need scarcely be insisted on with anyone who has once seen a well-kept pasture. But it is worth noting, as an expression of the pecuniary element in popular taste, that such a method of keeping public grounds is seldom resorted to. The best that is done by skilled workmen under the supervision of a trained keeper is a more or less close imitation of a pasture, but the result invariably falls somewhat short of the artistic effect of grazing. But to the average popular apprehension a herd of cattle so pointedly suggests thrift and usefulness that their presence in the public pleasure ground would be intolerably cheap. This method of keeping grounds is comparatively inexpensive, therefore it is indecorous.

出处： https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/833
定位：Excerpt 65 · 核对日期：2026-10-19 · 核验：短摘录

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凡勃伦说，公共公园和草坪一样，最好的状态是模仿牧场，放牧既能维护草地，牛群本身也增添美感。但现实中很少这样做，因为牛群太直接地让人联想到节俭和实用，在公共游乐场出现会显得“廉价”。于是人们宁愿花大钱请工人修剪出仿牧场的效果，也不愿用真正省钱又自然的放牧方式。这说明金钱体面标准压倒了真正的实用和美感。

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凡勃伦以公共公园的维护方式为例，说明金钱体面标准如何排斥真正实用且美观的做法。

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你所在的城市公共空间，是否也有为了“体面”而放弃更实用、更自然方案的现象？

公版作品；原文逐字取自 Project Gutenberg，仅摘录段落并附全书链接。

健康 · 龚廷贤《寿世保元》

大便不通润。加火麻仁炒二錢。黄连酒炒二錢。一論内外吹乳。乳痈肿痛。已成未成。服之立瘥。牙皂烧过存性。蛤粉炒等分爲末。每服好头生酒调下。以醉爲度。热服出汗。立愈。外用巴豆三个烧存性。香油调敷放痈头上。上用膏藥贴之。四围用 \x铁箍散\x 白芨白蔹白芷梢赤芍梢爲末。蜜调敷疮四围。立愈。一治内外吹乳。及溃浆。服之立效。黄人参当归川芎白芷木通连翘漏芦天花粉青皮橘蕊防风白芍贝母栝蒌乳香甘草穿山甲皂角刺水煎。食后临卧服。一治乳劳…

大便不通畅，加火麻仁炒二钱、黄连酒炒二钱。内外吹乳、乳痈肿痛，已成未成，服之立瘥：牙皂烧存性、蛤粉炒等分为末，每服好头生酒调下，以醉为度，热服出汗立愈。外用巴豆三个烧存性，香油调敷痈头上，上贴膏药，四围用铁箍散：白芨、白蔹、白芷梢、赤芍梢为末，蜜调敷疮四围，立愈。治内外吹乳及溃浆，服之立效：黄芪、人参、当归、川芎、白芷、木通、连翘、漏芦、天花粉、青皮、橘蕊、防风、白芍、贝母、栝蒌、乳香、甘草、穿山甲、皂角刺，水煎食后临卧服。治乳劳乳痈，已成化脓为水，未成亦消，治乳方多，独此神效，瘰疮毒也效：神效栝蒌散：栝蒌大者两个捣、当归酒洗、甘草各五钱、乳香另研、没药另研各一钱，作二剂，用酒三碗煎至二碗。

事业 · 司馬光《资治通鉴》

是月，突厥、吐谷渾各請互市，詔皆許之。先是，中國喪亂，民乏耕牛，至是資於戎狄，雜畜被野。

突厥和吐谷浑都请求与唐朝进行边境贸易，皇帝下诏全部允许。此前中原战乱，百姓缺少耕牛，到这时依靠外族输入，各种牲畜遍布原野。核心是互市解决了民生急需。为什么允许？因为战乱后耕牛奇缺，影响农业生产；互市能换来牲畜，恢复经济。怎么做？开放边境市场，用中原的物资交换外族的牲畜，既满足需求，又缓和关系。背后的取舍是：短期看是妥协，长期看是恢复国力的必要步骤。

事业 · 爱德华·博克《爱德华·博克自传》

To publishers whose advertisements he secured for the periodicals in his charge, he made suggestions for the improvement of their announcements, and found his suggestions accepted. He early saw the value of white…

博克向在他负责的刊物上登广告的出版商提改进建议，建议常被采纳。他很早看出留白是广告最有效的手段之一，但发现很难说服别人。在多数出版商眼里，广告上的空白是要填满的；博克却认为空白要珍惜，因为它有效。可他始终没能推广这个想法，也许是因为他没能把想法表达得让人信服。核心是：好想法若表达不清，就推不动。做法是：提建议时别只讲“我觉得”，要用对方能懂的例子和效果对比来说服。

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