有闲阶级论·摘录 76 · 托斯丹·凡勃伦

As has already been pointed out, the cheap, and therefore indecorous, articles of daily consumption in modern industrial communities are commonly machine products; and the generic feature of the physiognomy of machine-made goods as compared with the hand-wrought article is their greater perfection in workmanship and greater accuracy in the detail execution of the design. Hence it comes about that the visible imperfections of the hand-wrought goods, being honorific, are accounted marks of superiority in point of beauty, or serviceability, or both. Hence has arisen that exaltation of the defective, of which John Ruskin and William Morris were such eager spokesmen in their time; and on this ground their propaganda of crudity and wasted effort has been taken up and carried forward since their time. And hence also the propaganda for a return to handicraft and household industry. So much of the work and speculations of this group of men as fairly comes under the characterization here given would have been impossible at a time when the visibly more perfect goods were not the cheaper.

出处： https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/833
定位：Excerpt 76 · 核对日期：2026-10-19 · 核验：短摘录

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现代工业社会里，便宜日用品多是机器造，机器货的普遍特点就是做工更精、细节更准。于是手工货那些看得见的瑕疵，反倒成了荣誉标记，被说成更美或更好用。这就催生了“推崇缺陷”的风气，罗斯金和莫里斯当年大力鼓吹，后来还延续成回归手工和家庭工业的运动。这种思潮能出现，前提是机器货更完美却更便宜；若完美的东西不便宜，这套说法就站不住脚。

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凡勃伦点评罗斯金、莫里斯等人推崇手工、贬低机器产品的审美运动，揭示其经济根源。

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当你追捧“手工瑕疵”时，是在追求真实，还是在追求一种更贵的身份符号？

公版作品；原文逐字取自 Project Gutenberg，仅摘录段落并附全书链接。

健康 · 龚廷贤《寿世保元》

如眉毛须发脱落。日渐生长。切不可食羊鸡鹅猪头蹄鲤鱼生冷。如肯食淡。百日全愈。如癞破裂。只用大枫子壳煎湯洗。春夏石膏滑石根据方。秋冬二味减半。遇春分秋分。服防风通圣散一帖。空心服。利三四次。以粥补之。方见中风。一治疠风眉发脱落者。取皂角刺。九蒸九晒爲末。每服二錢。温湯送下。久服眉发再生肌肤悦润。眼目倍明。一治大风恶疾。双目昏暗。眉发自落。鼻梁崩倒。肌肤疮烂。服此立效。皂角刺三斤。炭火蒸炙晒干爲末。煎大黄浓湯调服。数日间发生…

这段讲麻风病调护和单方：眉毛胡须脱落者，用皂角刺九蒸九晒研末，每次二钱温汤送服，久服可望眉发再生、肌肤润泽、眼目明亮。病情严重到双目昏暗、眉发脱落、鼻梁塌陷、肌肤溃烂的，用皂角刺三斤炭火蒸炙晒干研末，浓煎大黄汤调服，数日可见毛发重生、肌肤润泽。另有一方用蝇蛆一升，装布袋在急流中冲洗干净，依次用麻黄汤、甘草汤、苦参汤、童便浸泡晒干，再用姜葱汤煮焙研末，每两加麝香二钱、蟾酥三钱，每服一钱，石藓花煎汤送下，并以苍耳草煎汤洗浴。书中强调忌食羊肉、鸡鹅、猪头蹄、鲤鱼及生冷，肯吃淡食百日可愈。这些方法今已不适用，仅作医学史了解。

事业 · 司馬光《资治通鉴》

岐王屢求貨於蜀，蜀主皆與之。又求巴、劍二州，蜀主曰：「吾奉茂貞，勤亦至矣；若與之地，是棄民也，寧多與之貨。」乃復以絲、茶、布、帛七萬遺之。

岐王李茂贞屡次向蜀国求取财物，蜀主都给他。又求巴、剑二州，蜀主说：“我侍奉茂贞，殷勤也算到极点了；如果给他土地，那是抛弃百姓，宁可多给他财物。”于是又送丝、茶、布、帛七万给他。核心是：蜀主分清财物与土地的界限，宁给财物不失土地。为什么？土地和百姓是根本，不能割让；财物可以再生产。怎么做？用财物满足对方贪欲，但坚决拒绝割地，保护百姓和疆土。

事业 · 布克·T·华盛顿《力争上游》

When we add the number of wholly ignorant men who preached or “exhorted” to that of those who possessed something of an education, it can be seen at a glance that the supply of ministers was large. In fact, some time…

当时南方黑人社区里，传教士的数量多得离谱：一个两百人的教会竟有十八个牧师。很多人没受过教育就上台讲道，因为这是少数受尊重的出路。华盛顿说，现在这种状况正在改善，未来二三十年，不合格的牧师会大幅减少。原因是“受召传道”的人少了，而“受召从事工业”的人多了。教师队伍的进步更明显。他的意思是，职业选择多元化、教育水平提高，会自然淘汰那些靠讲道混饭的人。

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