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托斯丹·凡勃伦:有闲阶级论·摘录 89
托斯丹·凡勃伦《有闲阶级论》· The Theory of the Leisure Class · 投资
For the present purpose, however, the question as to the nature of the adaptive process--whether it is chiefly a selection between stable types of temperament and character, or chiefly an adaptation of men's habits of thought to changing circumstances--is of less importance than the fact that, by one method or another, institutions change and develop. Institutions must change with changing circumstances, since they are of the nature of an habitual method of responding to the stimuli which these changing circumstances afford. The development of these institutions is the development of society. The institutions are, in substance, prevalent habits of thought with respect to particular relations and particular functions of the individual and of the community; and the scheme of life, which is made up of the aggregate of institutions in force at a given time or at a given point in the development of any society, may, on the psychological side, be broadly characterized as a prevalent spiritual attitude or a prevalent theory of life. As regards its generic features, this spiritual attitude or theory of life is in the last analysis reducible to terms of a prevalent type of character.
出处:
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/833
定位:Excerpt 89 · 核对日期:2026-10-19 · 核验:短摘录
白话
然而就当前目的而言,关于适应过程性质的问题——它主要是稳定类型的气质和性格之间的选择,还是主要是人的思想习惯对变化环境的适应——不如以下事实重要:无论通过哪种方法,制度都会变化和发展。制度必须随着环境的变化而变化,因为它们的性质是对这些变化环境所提供的刺激作出反应的习惯性方法。这些制度的发展就是社会的发展。制度实质上是关于个人和社区的特定关系和特定功能的流行思想习惯;而由特定时间或社会发展特定阶段生效的制度总体构成的生活方案,从心理学方面可以大致描述为一种流行的精神态度或流行的生活理论。就其一般特征而言,这种精神态度或生活理论最终可归结为一种流行的性格类型。
上下文
凡勃伦《有闲阶级论》进一步解释制度作为思想习惯,其发展即社会发展,并强调制度必须适应环境。
今日一问
我们是否意识到自己的许多观念只是特定制度的产物?
公版作品;原文逐字取自 Project Gutenberg,仅摘录段落并附全书链接。
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