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The Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter II, Paragraph 1986
While property remains in the possession of the same person, whatever permanent taxes may have been imposed upon it, they have never been intended to…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter II, Paragraph 1990
The heir of every immediate vassal of the crown paid a certain duty, generally a year’s rent, upon receiving the investiture of the estate. If the…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter II, Paragraph 1993
In Great Britain, the stamp duties are higher or lower, not so much according to the value of the property transferred (an eighteen-penny or…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter II, Paragraph 1998
All taxes upon the transference of property of every kind, so far as they diminish the capital value of that property, tend to diminish the funds…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter II, Paragraph 2001
Such stamp duties as those in England upon cards and dice, upon newspapers and periodical pamphlets, etc. are properly taxes upon consumption; the…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter II, Paragraph 2005
If direct taxes upon the wages of labour have not always occasioned a proportionable rise in those wages, it is because they have generally…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter II, Paragraph 2011
The taxes which it is intended should fall indifferently upon every different species of revenue, are capitation taxes, and taxes upon consumable…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter II, Paragraph 2025
As the wages of labour are everywhere regulated, partly by the demand for it, and partly by the average price of the necessary articles of…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter II, Paragraph 2026
It is thus that a tax upon the necessaries of life operates exactly in the same manner as a direct tax upon the wages of labour. The labourer, though…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter II, Paragraph 2027
It is otherwise with taxes upon what I call luxuries, even upon those of the poor. The rise in the price of the taxed commodities, will not…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter II, Paragraph 2028
The different taxes which, in Great Britain, have, in the course of the present century, been imposed upon spiritous liquors, are not supposed to…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter II, Paragraph 2030
Any rise in the average price of necessaries, unless it be compensated by a proportionable rise in the wages of labour, must necessarily diminish,…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter II, Paragraph 2051
Heavy duties being imposed upon almost all goods imported, our merchant importers smuggle as much, and make entry of as little as they can. Our…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter II, Paragraph 2077
The objections of Dr Davenant to this alteration in the present system of excise duties, seem to be without foundation. Those objections are, that…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter II, Paragraph 2078
No tax can ever reduce, for any considerable time, the rate of profit in any particular trade, which must always keep its level with other trades…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter II, Paragraph 2096
Over and above the general restraints arising from this complicated system of revenue laws, the commerce of wine (after corn, perhaps, the most…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter II, Paragraph 2104
In Holland, the heavy taxes upon the necessaries of life have ruined, it is said, their principal manufacturers, and are likely to discourage,…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter III, Paragraph 2115
In a rude state of society, there are no great mercantile or manufacturing capitals. The individuals, who hoard whatever money they can save, and who…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter III, Paragraph 2127
In 1711, the same duties (which at this time were thus subject to four different anticipations), together with several others, were continued for…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter III, Paragraph 2131
In consequence of those different acts, the greater part of the taxes, which before had been anticipated only for a short term of years were rendered…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter III, Paragraph 2163
Land and capital stock are the two original sources of all revenue, both private and public. Capital stock pays the wages of productive labour,…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter III, Paragraph 2164
The proprietor of land is interested, for the sake of his own revenue, to keep his estate in as good condition as he can, by building and repairing…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter III, Paragraph 2165
When, by different taxes upon the necessaries and conveniencies of life, the owners and employers of capital stock find, that whatever revenue they…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter III, Paragraph 2189
The present scarcity of gold and silver money in America, is not the effect of the poverty of that country, or of the inability of the people there…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book V, Chapter III, Paragraph 2229
1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™ electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set forth in this…
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The Art of War, 作戰第二 5
故殺敵者,怒也;取敵之利者,貨也。故車戰,得車十乘以上,賞其先得者,而更其旌旗。車雜而乘之,卒善而養之,是謂勝敵而益強。
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 本議第一, Entry 1
惟,有詔書使丞相、御史與所舉賢良、文學語,問民間所疾苦。
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 本議第一, Entry 2
文學對曰:「竊聞治人之道,防淫佚之原,廣道德之端,抑末利而開仁義,毋示以利,然後教化可興,而風俗可移也。今郡國有鹽、鐵、酒榷,均輸,與民爭利。散敦厚之樸,成貪鄙之化。是以百姓就本者寡,趨末者眾。夫文繁則質衰,末盛則質虧。末修則民淫,本修則民愨。民愨則財用足,民侈則饑寒生。願罷鹽、鐵、酒榷、均輸,所…
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 本議第一, Entry 3
大夫曰:「匈奴背叛不臣,數為寇暴於邊鄙,備之則勞中國之士,不備則侵盜不止。先帝哀邊人之久患,苦為虜所系獲也,故修障塞。飭烽燧,屯戍以備之。邊用度不足,故興鹽、鐵,設酒榷,置均輸,蕃貨長財,以佐助邊費。今議者欲罷之,內空府庫之藏,外乏執備之用,使備塞乘城之士饑寒於邊,將何以贍之?罷之,不便也。」
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 本議第一, Entry 4
文學曰:「孔子曰:『有國有家者,不患貧而患不均,不患寡而患不安。』故天子不言多少,諸侯不言利害,大夫不言得喪。畜仁義以風之,廣德行以懷之。是以近者親附而遠者悅服。故善克者不戰,善戰者不師,善師者不陣。修之於廟堂,而折沖還師。王者行仁政,無敵於天下,惡用費哉?」
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 本議第一, Entry 5
大夫曰:「匈奴桀黠,擅恣入塞,犯厲中國,殺伐郡、縣、朔方都尉,甚悖逆不軌,宜誅討之日久矣。陛下垂大惠,哀元元之未贍,不忍暴士大夫於原野;縱難被堅執銳,有北面復匈奴之志,又欲罷鹽、鐵、均輸,擾邊用,損武略,無憂邊之心,於其義未便也。」
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 本議第一, Entry 6
文學曰:「古者,貴以德而賤用兵。孔子曰:『遠人不服,則修文德以來之。既來之,則安之。』今廢道德而任兵革,興師而伐之,屯戍而備之,暴兵露師,以支久長,轉輸糧食無已,使邊境之士饑寒於外,百姓勞苦於內。立鹽、鐵,始張利官以給之,非長策也。故以罷之為便也。」
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 本議第一, Entry 7
大夫曰:「古之立國家者,開本末之途,通有無之用,市朝以一其求,致士民,聚萬貨,農商工師各得所欲,交易而退。易曰:『通其變,使民不倦。』故工不出,則農用乏;商不出,則寶貨絕。農用乏,則穀不殖;寶貨絕,則財用匱。故鹽、鐵、均輸,所以通委財而調緩急。罷之,不便也。」
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 本議第一, Entry 8
文學曰:「夫導民以德則民歸厚;示民以利,則民俗薄。俗薄則背義而趨利,趨利則百姓交於道而接於市。老子曰:『貧國若有餘。』非多財也,嗜欲眾而民躁也。是以王者崇本退末,以禮義防民欲,實菽粟貨財。市,商不通無用之物,工不作無用之器。故商所以通郁滯,工所以備器械,非治國之本務也。」
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 本議第一, Entry 9
大夫曰:「管子云:『國有沃野之饒而民不足於食者,器械不備也。有山海之貨而民不足於財者,商工不備也。』隴、蜀之丹漆旄羽,荊、揚之皮革骨象,江南之楠梓竹箭,燕、齊之魚鹽旃裘,兗、豫之漆絲絺纻,養生送終之具也,待商而通,待工而成。故聖人作為舟楫之用,以通川谷,服牛駕馬,以達陵陸;致遠窮深,所以交庶物而便…
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 本議第一, Entry 10
文學曰:「國有沃野之饒而民不足於食者,工商盛而本業荒也;有山海之貨而民不足於財者,不務民用而淫巧眾也。故川源不能實漏卮,山海不能贍溪壑。是以盤庚萃居,舜藏黃金,高帝禁商賈不得仕宦,所以遏貪鄙之俗,而醇至誠之風也。排困市井,防塞利門,而民猶為非也,況上之為利乎?傳曰:『諸侯好利則大夫鄙,大夫鄙則士貪…
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 本議第一, Entry 11
大夫曰:「往者,郡國諸侯各以其方物貢輸,往來煩雜,物多苦惡,或不償其費。故郡國置輸官以相給運,而便遠方之貢,故曰均輸。開委府於京師,以籠貨物。賤即買,貴則賣。是以縣官不失實,商賈無所貿利,故曰平準。平準則民不失職,均輸則民齊勞逸。故平準、均輸,所以平萬物而便百姓,非開利孔而為民罪梯者也。」
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 本議第一, Entry 12
文學曰:「古者之賦稅於民也,因其所工,不求所拙。農人納其獲,女工效其功。今釋其所有,責其所無。百姓賤賣貨物,以便上求。間者,郡國或令民作布絮,吏恣留難,與之為市。吏之所入,非獨齊、阿之縑,蜀、漢之布也,亦民間之所為耳。行奸賣平,農民重苦,女工再稅,未見輸之均也。縣官猥發,闔門擅市,則萬物幷收。萬物…
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 力耕第二, Entry 1
大夫曰:「王者塞天財,禁關市,執準守時,以輕重御民。豐年歲登,則儲積以備乏絕;凶年惡歲,則行幣物;流有餘而調不足也。昔禹水湯旱,百姓匱乏,或相假以接衣食。禹以歷山之金,湯以莊山之銅,鑄幣以贖其民,而天下稱仁。往者財用不足,戰士或不得祿,而山東被災,齊、趙大饑,賴均輸之畜,倉廩之積,戰士以奉,饑民以…
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 力耕第二, Entry 2
文學曰:「古者,十一而稅,澤梁以時入而無禁,黎民咸被南畝而不失其務。故三年耕而余一年之蓄,九年耕有三年之蓄。此禹、湯所以備水旱而安百姓也。草萊不辟,田疇不治,雖擅山海之財,通百末之利,猶不能贍也。是以古者尚力務本而種樹繁,躬耕趣時而衣食足,雖累凶年而人不病也。故衣食者民之本,稼穡者民之務也。二者修…
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 力耕第二, Entry 3
大夫曰:「賢聖治家非一寶,富國非一道。昔管仲以權譎霸,而紀氏以強本亡。使治家養生必於農,則舜不甄陶而伊尹不為庖。故善為國者,天下之下我高,天下之輕我重。以末易其本,以虛蕩其實。今山澤之財,均輸之藏,所以御輕重而役諸侯也。汝、漢之金,纖微之貢,所以誘外國而釣胡、羌之寶也。夫中國一端之縵,得匈奴累金之…
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 力耕第二, Entry 4
文學曰:「古者,商通物而不豫,工致牢而不偽。故君子耕稼田魚,其實一也。商則長詐,工則飾罵,內懷窺窬而心不怍,是以薄夫欺而敦夫薄。昔桀女樂充宮室,文繡衣裳,故伊尹高逝遊薄,而女樂終廢其國。今騾驢之用,不中牛馬之功,鼲貂旃罽,不益錦綈之實。美玉珊瑚出於昆山,珠璣犀象出於桂林,此距漢萬有餘里。計耕桑之功…
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 力耕第二, Entry 5
大夫曰:「自京師東西南北,歷山川,經郡國,諸殷富大都,無非街衢五通,商賈之所湊,萬物之所殖者。故聖人因天時,智者因地財,上士取諸人,中士勞其形。長沮、桀溺,無百金之積,跖蹻之徒,無猗頓之富,宛、周、齊、魯,商遍天下。故乃商賈之富,或累萬金,追利乘羨之所致也。富國何必用本農,足民何必井田也?」
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 力耕第二, Entry 6
文學曰:「洪水滔天,而有禹之績,河水泛濫,而有宣房之功。商紂暴虐,而有孟津之謀,天下煩擾,而有乘羨之富。夫上古至治,民樸而貴本、安愉而寡求。當此之時,道路罕行,市朝生草。故耕不強者無以充虛,織不強者無以掩形。雖有湊會之要,陶、宛之術,無所施其巧。自古及今,不施而得報,不勞而有功者,未之有也。」
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 通有第三, Entry 1
大夫曰:「燕之涿、薊,趙之邯鄲,魏之溫軹,韓之滎陽,齊之臨淄,楚之宛、陳,鄭之陽翟,三川之二周,富冠海內,皆為天下名都,非有助之耕其野而田其地者也,居五諸之沖,跨街衢之路也。故物豐者民衍,宅近市者家富。富在術數,不在勞身;利在勢居,不在力耕也。
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 通有第三, Entry 2
文學曰:「荊、揚南有桂林之饒,內有江、湖之利,左陵陽之金,右蜀、漢之材,伐木而樹穀,燔萊而播粟,火耕而水耨,地廣而饒財;然民鮆窳偷生,好衣甘食,雖白屋草廬,歌謳鼓琴,日給月單,朝歌暮戚。趙、中山帶大河,纂四通神衢,當天下之蹊,商賈錯於路,諸侯交於道;然民淫好末,侈靡而不務本,田疇不修,男女矜飾,家…
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 通有第三, Entry 3
大夫曰:「五行:東方木,而丹、章有金銅之山;南方火,而交趾有大海之川;西方金,而蜀、隴有名材之林;北方水,而幽都有積沙之地。此天地所以均有無而通萬物也。今吳、越之竹,隋、唐之材,不可勝用,而曹、衛、梁、宋,采棺轉屍;江、湖之魚,萊、黃之鮐,不可勝食,而鄒、魯、周、韓,藜藿蔬食。天地之利無不贍,而山…
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 通有第三, Entry 4
文學曰:「古者,采椽不斲,茅茨不翦,衣布褐,飯土硎,鑄金為鉏,埏埴為器,工不造奇巧,世不寶不可衣食之物,各安其居,樂其俗,甘其食,便其器。是以遠方之物不交,而昆山之玉不至。今世俗壞而競於淫靡,女極纖微,工極技巧,雕素樸而尚珍怪,鉆山石而求金銀,沒深淵求珠璣,設機陷求犀象,張網羅求翡翠,求蠻、貉之物…
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 通有第三, Entry 5
大夫曰:「古者,宮室有度,輿服以庸;采椽茅茨,非先王之制也。君子節奢刺儉,儉則固。昔孫叔敖相楚,妻不衣帛,馬不秣粟。孔子曰:『不可,大儉極下。』此蟋蟀所為作也。管子曰:『不飾宮室,則材木不可勝用,不充庖廚,則禽獸不損其壽。無末利,則本業無所出,無黼黻,則女工不施。』故工商梓匠,邦國之用,器械之備也…
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 通有第三, Entry 6
文學曰:「孟子云:『不違農時,穀不可勝食。蠶麻以時,布帛不可勝衣也。斧斤以時,材木不可勝用。田漁以時,魚肉不可勝食。』若則飾宮室,增臺榭,梓匠斲巨為小,以圓為方,上成雲氣,下成山林,則材木不足用也。男子去本為末,雕文刻鏤,以象禽獸,窮物究變,則穀不足食也。婦女飾微治細,以成文章,極伎盡巧,則絲布不…
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 錯幣第四, Entry 1
大夫曰:「交幣通施,民事不及,物有所幷也。計本量委,民有饑者,穀有所藏也。智者有百人之功,愚者有不更本之事。人君不調,民有相萬之富也。此其所以或儲百年之余,或不厭糟糠也。民大富,則不可以祿使也;大強,則不可以罰威也。非散聚均利者不齊。故人主積其食,守其用,制其有餘,調其不足,禁溢羨,厄利塗,然後百…
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 錯幣第四, Entry 2
文學曰:「古者,貴德而賤利,重義而輕財。三王之時,叠盛叠衰。衰則扶之,傾則定之。是以夏忠、殷敬、周文,庠序之教,恭讓之禮,粲然可得而觀也。及其後,禮義弛崩,風俗滅息,故自食祿之君子,違於義而競於財,大小相吞,淚轉相傾。此所以或儲百年之余,或無以充虛蔽形也。古之仕者不穡,田者不漁,抱關擊柝,皆有常秩…
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 錯幣第四, Entry 3
大夫曰:「湯、文繼衰,漢興乘弊。一質一文,非茍易常也。俗弊更法,非務變古也,亦所以救失扶衰也。故教與俗改,弊與世易。夏后以玄貝,周人以紫石,後世或金錢刀布。物極而衰,終始之運也。故山澤無徵,則君臣同利,刀幣無禁,則奸貞並行。夫臣富則相侈,下專利則相傾也。」
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 錯幣第四, Entry 4
文學曰:「古者,市朝而無刁幣,各以其所有易所無,抱布貿絲而已。後世即有龜貝金錢,交施之也。幣數變而民滋偽。夫救偽以質,防失以禮。湯、文繼衰,革法易化,而殷、周道興。漢初乘弊,而不改易,畜利變幣,欲以反本,是猶以煎止燔,以火止沸也。上好禮則民闇飾,上好貨則下死利也。」
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 錯幣第四, Entry 5
大夫曰:「文帝之時,縱民得鑄錢、冶鐵、煮鹽。吳王擅鄣海澤,鄧通專西山。山東奸猾,咸聚吳國,秦、雍、漢、蜀因鄧氏。吳、鄧錢布天下,故有鑄錢之禁。禁禦之法立,而奸偽息,奸偽息,則民不期於妄得,而各務其職;不反本何為?故統一,則民不二也;幣由上,則下不疑也。」
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 錯幣第四, Entry 6
文學曰:「往古,幣眾財通而民樂。其後,稍去舊幣,更行白金龜龍,民多巧新幣。幣數易而民益疑。於是廢天下諸錢,而專命水衡三官作。吏匠侵利,或不中式,故有薄厚輕重。農人不習,物模擬之,信故疑新,不知奸貞。商賈以美貿惡,以半易倍。買則失實,賣則失理,其疑或滋益甚。夫鑄偽金錢以有法,而錢之善惡無增損於故。擇…
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 禁耕第五, Entry 1
大夫曰:「家人有寶器,尚函匣而藏之,況人主之山海乎?夫權利之處,必在深山窮澤之中,非豪民不能通其利。異時,鹽鐵未籠,布衣有朐邴,人君有吳王,皆鹽鐵初議也。吳王專山澤之饒,薄賦其民,賑贍窮乏,以成私威。私威積而逆節之心作。夫不蚤絕其源而憂其末,若決呂梁,沛然,其所傷必多矣。太公曰:『一家害百家,百家…
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 禁耕第五, Entry 2
文學曰:「民人藏於家,諸侯藏於國,天子藏於海內。故民人以垣墻為藏閉,天子以四海為匣匱。天子適諸侯,升自阼階,諸侯納管鍵,執策而聽命,示莫為主也。是以王者不畜聚,下藏於民,遠浮利,務民之義;義禮立,則民化上。若是,雖湯、武生存於世,無所容其慮。工商之事,歐冶之任,何奸之能成?三桓專魯,六卿分晉,不以…
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 禁耕第五, Entry 3
大夫曰:「山海有禁,而民不傾;貴賤有平,而民不疑。縣官設衡立準,人從所欲,雖使五尺童子適市,莫之能欺。今罷去之,則豪民擅其用而專其利。決市閭巷,高下在口吻,貴賤無常,端坐而民豪,是以養強抑弱而藏於跖也。強養弱抑,則齊民消;若眾穢之盛而害五穀。一家害百家,不在朐邴,如何也?」
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Discourses on Salt and Iron, Volume 1, 禁耕第五, Entry 4
文學曰:「山海者,財用之寶路也。鐵器者,農夫之死生也。死生用,則仇讎滅,仇讎滅,則田野辟,田野辟而五穀熟。寶路開,則百姓贍而民用給,民用給則國富。國富而教之以禮,則行道有讓,而工商不相豫,人懷敦樸以相接,而莫相利。夫秦、楚、燕、齊,士力不同,剛柔異勢,巨小之用,居局之宜,黨殊俗易,各有所便。縣官籠…
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