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霍华德·马克斯:再谈风险·第7则

霍华德·马克斯《《再谈风险》》· Risk Revisited Again · 投资 · 决策

Risk shows up lumpily. If we say “2% of mortgages default each year,” and even if that’s true when we look at a multi-year average, an unusual spate of defaults can occur at a point in time, sinking a structured finance vehicle. Ben Graham and David Dodd put it this way: “. . . the relation between different kinds of investments and the risk of loss is entirely too indefinite, and too variable with changing conditions, to permit of sound mathematical formulation. This is particularly true because investment losses are not distributed fairly evenly in point of time, but tend to be concentrated at intervals . . .” (Security Analysis, 1940 Edition). It’s invariably the case that some investors – especially those who employ high leverage – will fail to survive at those intervals.

出处: https://www.oaktreecapital.com/docs/default-source/memos/2015-06-08-risk-revisited-again.pdf
定位:Memo, excerpt 7 · 核对日期:2026-10-19 · 核验:短摘录

白话

风险是成块出现的。我们说“每年有2%的抵押贷款违约”,即便多年平均下来确实如此,但某个时点也可能出现异常集中的违约,击垮一个结构化金融工具。本杰明·格雷厄姆和戴维·多德在《证券分析》1940年版中写道:“不同投资与损失风险之间的关系太不确定,且随条件变化太大,无法进行可靠的数学公式化。尤其因为投资损失在时间上分布并不均匀,而往往集中在某些时段。”总是有一些投资者——尤其是那些使用高杠杆的人——无法在这些时段存活下来。所以,风险管理不能只看平均概率,要防范集中爆发的冲击,避免高杠杆,确保在最坏时刻也能活下来。

上下文

霍华德·马克斯在《风险再探讨》中引用格雷厄姆和多德《证券分析》1940年版的观点,说明风险在时间上分布不均。

今日一问

你的投资组合或生活预算,是否假设了风险会均匀发生,而没为集中冲击留出缓冲?

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