投资 · 西方古典
大卫·李嘉图:政治经济学及赋税原理·摘录 332
大卫·李嘉图《政治经济学及赋税原理》· On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation · 投资
The sole effect of the bounty either on the exportation of manufactures, or of corn, is to divert a portion of capital to an employment, which it would not naturally seek. It causes a pernicious distribution of the general funds of the society--it bribes a manufacturer to commence or continue in a comparatively less profitable employment. It is the worst species of taxation, for it does not give to the foreign country all that it takes away from the home country, the balance of loss being made up by the less advantageous distribution of the general capital. Thus, if the price of corn is in England 4_l._, and in France 3_l._ 15_s._ a bounty of 10_s._ will ultimately reduce it to 3_l._ 10_s._ in France, and maintain it at the same price of 4_l._ in England. For every quarter exported, England pays a tax of 10_s._ For every quarter imported into France, France gains only 5_s._, so that the value of 5_s._ per quarter is absolutely lost to the world, by such a distribution of its funds as to cause diminished production, probably not of corn, but of some other object of necessity or enjoyment.
出处:
https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/33310
定位:Excerpt 332 · 核对日期:2026-10-19 · 核验:短摘录
白话
出口补贴的唯一效果,是把一部分资本引到它本来不会去的行业,造成社会总资本的有害分配——等于贿赂制造商去干利润更低的营生。这是最坏的税:它从本国拿走的东西,外国并没全拿到,差额白白损失在资本的劣质配置上。比如英国玉米4镑、法国3镑15先令,10先令补贴最终把法国价压到3镑10先令,英国仍维持4镑。每出口一夸特,英国付10先令税;每进口一夸特,法国只赚5先令,于是每夸特5先令的价值对全世界来说彻底蒸发,因为资本被配置到减产的方向——减的未必是玉米,而是其他必需品或享乐品。
上下文
李嘉图《政治经济学及赋税原理》论谷物出口补贴,反驳重商主义鼓励出口的政策。
今日一问
你身边有没有为了“鼓励出口”而补贴、结果两边都没落好的政策?
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