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Records of the Grand Historian, 貨殖列傳, 關中富商, Entry 1
關中富商大賈,大抵盡諸田,田嗇、田蘭。韋家栗氏,安陵、杜杜氏,亦巨萬。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 貨殖列傳, 關中富商, Entry 2
此其章章尤異者也。皆非有爵邑奉祿弄法犯姦而富,盡椎埋去就,與時俯仰,獲其贏利,以末致財,用本守之,以武一切,用文持之,變化有概,故足術也。若至力農畜,工虞商賈,為權利以成富,大者傾郡,中者傾縣,下者傾鄉里者,不可勝數。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 貨殖列傳, 其他富人, Entry 1
夫纖嗇筋力,治生之正道也,而富者必用奇勝。田農,掘業,而秦揚以蓋一州。掘冢,姦事也,而田叔以起。博戲,惡業也,而桓發用富。行賈,丈夫賤行也,而雍樂成以饒。販脂,辱處也,而雍伯千金。賣漿,小業也,而張氏千萬。灑削,薄技也,而郅氏鼎食。胃脯,簡微耳,濁氏連騎。馬醫,淺方,張裏擊鐘。此皆誠壹之所致。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 貨殖列傳, 總結, Entry 1
由是觀之,富無經業,則貨無常主,能者輻湊,不肖者瓦解。千金之家比一都之君,巨萬者乃與王者同樂。豈所謂「素封」者邪?非也?
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Records of the Grand Historian, 貨殖列傳, 總結, Entry 2
【索隱述贊】貨殖之利,工商是營。廢居善積,倚巿邪贏。白圭富國,計然強兵。倮參朝請,女築懷清。素封千戶,卓鄭齊名。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 1
漢興,接秦之弊,丈夫從軍旅,老弱轉糧饢,作業劇而財匱,自天子不能具鈞駟,而將相或乘牛車,齊民無藏蓋。於是為秦錢重難用,更令民鑄錢,一黃金一斤,約法省禁。而不軌逐利之民,蓄積餘業以稽市物,物踴騰糶,米至石萬錢,馬一匹則百金。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 2
天下已平,高祖乃令賈人不得衣絲乘車,重租稅以困辱之。孝惠、高后時,為天下初定,復弛商賈之律,然市井之子孫亦不得仕宦為吏。量吏祿,度官用,以賦於民。而山川園池市井租稅之入,自天子以至于封君湯沐邑,皆各為私奉養焉,不領於天下之經費。漕轉山東粟,以給中都官,歲不過數十萬石。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 3
至孝文時,莢錢益多,輕,乃更鑄四銖錢,其文為「半兩」,令民縱得自鑄錢。故吳諸侯也,以即山鑄錢,富埒天子,其後卒以叛逆。鄧通,大夫也,以鑄錢財過王者。故吳、鄧氏錢布天下,而鑄錢之禁生焉。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 4
匈奴數侵盜北邊,屯戍者多,邊粟不足給食當食者。於是募民能輸及轉粟於邊者拜爵,爵得至大庶長。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 5
孝景時,上郡以西旱,亦復修賣爵令,而賤其價以招民;及徒復作,得輸粟縣官以除罪。益造苑馬以廣用,而宮室列觀輿馬益增修矣。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 6
至今上即位數歲,漢興七十餘年之閒,國家無事,非遇水旱之災,民則人給家足,都鄙廩庾皆滿,而府庫餘貨財。京師之錢累巨萬,貫朽而不可校。太倉之粟陳陳相因,充溢露積於外,至腐敗不可食。眾庶街巷有馬,阡陌之閒成群,而乘字牝者儐而不得聚會。守閭閻者食粱肉,為吏者長子孫,居官者以為姓號。故人人自愛而重犯法,先行…
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 7
自是之後,嚴助、朱買臣等招來東甌,事兩越,江淮之閒蕭然煩費矣。唐蒙、司馬相如開路西南夷,鑿山通道千餘里,以廣巴蜀,巴蜀之民罷焉。彭吳賈滅朝鮮,置滄海之郡,則燕齊之閒靡然發動。及王恢設謀馬邑,匈奴絕和親,侵擾北邊,兵連而不解,天下苦其勞,而干戈日滋。行者齎,居者送,中外騷擾而相奉,百姓抏弊以巧法,財…
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 8
其後漢將歲以數萬騎出擊胡,及車騎將軍衛青取匈奴河南地,筑朔方。當是時,漢通西南夷道,作者數萬人,千里負擔饋糧,率十餘鐘致一石,散幣於邛僰以集之。數歲道不通,蠻夷因以數攻,吏發兵誅之。悉巴蜀租賦不足以更之,乃募豪民田南夷,入粟縣官,而內受錢於都內。東至滄海之郡,人徒之費擬於南夷。又興十萬餘人筑衛朔方…
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 9
其後四年,而漢遣大將將六將軍,軍十餘萬,擊右賢王,獲首虜萬五千級。明年,大將軍將六將軍仍再出擊胡,得首虜萬九千級。捕斬首虜之士受賜黃金二十餘萬斤,虜數萬人皆得厚賞,衣食仰給縣官;而漢軍之士馬死者十餘萬,兵甲之財轉漕之費不與焉。於是大農陳藏錢經秏,賦稅既竭,猶不足以奉戰士。有司言:「天子曰:『朕聞五…
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 10
自公孫弘以春秋之義繩臣下取漢相,張湯用唆文決理為廷尉,於是見知之法生,而廢格沮誹窮治之獄用矣。其明年,淮南、衡山、江都王謀反跡見,而公卿尋端治之,竟其黨與,而坐死者數萬人,長吏益慘急而法令明察。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 11
當是之時,招尊方正賢良文學之士,或至公卿大夫。公孫弘以漢相,布被,食不重味,為天下先。然無益於俗,稍騖於功利矣。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 12
其明年,驃騎仍再出擊胡,獲首四萬。其秋,渾邪王率數萬之眾來降,於是漢發車二萬乘迎之。既至,受賞,賜及有功之士。是歲費凡百餘巨萬。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 13
初,先是往十餘歲河決觀,梁楚之地固已數困,而緣河之郡隄塞河,輒決壞,費不可勝計。其後番系欲省底柱之漕,穿汾、河渠以為溉田,作者數萬人;鄭當時為渭漕渠回遠,鑿直渠自長安至華陰,作者數萬人;朔方亦穿渠,作者數萬人:各歷二三期,功未就,費亦各巨萬十數。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 14
天子為伐胡,盛養馬,馬之來食長安者數萬匹,卒牽掌者關中不足,乃調旁近郡。而胡降者皆衣食縣官,縣官不給,天子乃損膳,解乘輿駟,出御府禁藏以贍之。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 15
其明年,山東被水菑,民多饑乏,於是天子遣使者虛郡國倉廥以振貧民。猶不足,又募豪富人相貸假。尚不能相救,乃徙貧民於關以西,及充朔方以南新秦中,七十餘萬口,衣食皆仰給縣官。數歲,假予產業,使者分部護之,冠蓋相望。其費以億計,不可勝數。於是縣官大空。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 16
而富商大賈或蹛財役貧,轉轂百數,廢居居邑,封君皆低首仰給。冶鑄煮鹽,財或累萬金,而不佐國家之急,黎民重困。於是天子與公卿議,更錢造幣以贍用,而摧浮淫并兼之徒。是時禁苑有白鹿而少府多銀錫。自孝文更造四銖錢,至是歲四十餘年,從建元以來,用少,縣官往往即多銅山而鑄錢,民亦閒盜鑄錢,不可勝數。錢益多而輕,…
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 17
又造銀錫為白金。以為天用莫如龍,地用莫如馬,人用莫如龜,故白金三品:其一曰重八兩,圜之,其文龍,名曰「白選」,直三千;二曰以重差小,方之,其文馬,直五百;三曰復小,撱之,其文龜,直三百。令縣官銷半兩錢,更鑄三銖錢,文如其重。盜鑄諸金錢罪皆死,而吏民之盜鑄白金者不可勝數。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 18
於是以東郭咸陽、孔僅為大農丞,領鹽鐵事;桑弘羊以計算用事,侍中。咸陽,齊之大煮鹽,孔僅,南陽大冶,皆致生累千金,故鄭當時進言之。弘羊,雒陽賈人子,以心計,年十三侍中。故三人言利事析秋豪矣。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 19
法既益嚴,吏多廢免。兵革數動,民多買復及五大夫,徵發之士益鮮。於是除千夫五大夫為吏,不欲者出馬;故吏皆適令伐棘上林,作昆明池。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 20
其明年,大將軍、驃騎大出擊胡,得首虜八九萬級,賞賜五十萬金,漢軍馬死者十餘萬匹,轉漕車甲之費不與焉。是時財匱,戰士頗不得祿矣。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 21
有司言三銖錢輕,易姦詐,乃更請諸郡國鑄五銖錢,周郭其下,令不可磨取鋊焉。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 22
大農上鹽鐵丞孔僅、咸陽言:「山海,天地之藏也,皆宜屬少府,陛下不私,以屬大農佐賦。願募民自給費,因官器作煮鹽,官與牢盆。浮食奇民欲擅管山海之貨,以致富羨,役利細民。其沮事之議,不可勝聽。敢私鑄鐵器煮鹽者,釱左趾,沒入其器物。郡不出鐵者,置小鐵官,便屬在所縣。」使孔僅、東郭咸陽乘傳舉行天下鹽鐵,作官…
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 23
商賈以幣之變,多積貨逐利。於是公卿言:「郡國頗被菑害,貧民無產業者,募徙廣饒之地。陛下損膳省用,出禁錢以振元元,寬貸賦,而民不齊出於南畝,商賈滋眾。貧者畜積無有,皆仰縣官。異時算軺車賈人緡錢皆有差,請算如故。諸賈人末作貰貸賣買,居邑稽諸物,及商以取利者,雖無市籍,各以其物自占,率緡錢二千而一算。諸…
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 24
天子乃思卜式之言,召拜式為中郎,爵左庶長,賜田十頃,布告天下,使明知之。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 25
初,卜式者,河南人也,以田畜為事。親死,式有少弟,弟壯,式脫身出分,獨取畜羊百餘,田宅財物盡予弟。式入山牧十餘歲,羊致千餘頭,買田宅。而其弟盡破其業,式輒復分予弟者數矣。是時漢方數使將擊匈奴,卜式上書,願輸家之半縣官助邊。天子使使問式:「欲官乎?」式曰:「臣少牧,不習仕宦,不願也。」使問曰:「家豈…
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 26
初,式不願為郎。上曰:「吾有羊上林中,欲令子牧之。」式乃拜為郎,布衣屩而牧羊。歲餘,羊肥息。上過見其羊,善之。式曰:「非獨羊也,治民亦猶是也。以時起居;惡者輒斥去,毋令敗群。」上以式為奇,拜為緱氏令試之,緱氏便之。遷為成皋令,將漕最。上以為式樸忠,拜為齊王太傅。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 27
而孔僅之使天下鑄作器,三年中拜為大農,列於九卿。而桑弘羊為大農丞,筦諸會計事,稍稍置均輸以通貨物矣。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 29
自造白金五銖錢後五歲,赦吏民之坐盜鑄金錢死者數十萬人。其不發覺相殺者,不可勝計。赦自出者百餘萬人。然不能半自出,天下大抵無慮皆鑄金錢矣。犯者眾,吏不能盡誅取,於是遣博士褚大、徐偃等分曹循行郡國,舉兼并之徒守相為(吏)[利]者。而御史大夫張湯方隆貴用事,減宣、杜周等為中丞,義縱、尹齊、王溫舒等用慘急…
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 30
而大農顏異誅。初,異為濟南亭長,以廉直稍遷至九卿。上與張湯既造白鹿皮幣,問異。異曰:「今王侯朝賀以蒼璧,直數千,而其皮薦反四十萬,本末不相稱。」天子不說。張湯又與異有卻,及有人告異以它議,事下張湯治異。異與客語,客語初令下有不便者,異不應,微反脣。湯奏當異九卿見令不便,不入言而腹誹,論死。自是之後…
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 31
天子既下緡錢令而尊卜式,百姓終莫分財佐縣官,於是(楊可)告緡錢縱矣。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 32
郡國多姦鑄錢,錢多輕,而公卿請令京師鑄鐘官赤側,一當五,賦官用非赤側不得行。白金稍賤,民不寶用,縣官以令禁之,無益。歲餘,白金終廢不行。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 34
其後二歲,赤側錢賤,民巧法用之,不便,又廢。於是悉禁郡國無鑄錢,專令上林三官鑄。錢既多,而令天下非三官錢不得行,諸郡國所前鑄錢皆廢銷之,輸其銅三官。而民之鑄錢益少,計其費不能相當,唯真工大姦乃盜為之。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 35
卜式相齊,而楊可告緡遍天下,中家以上大抵皆遇告。杜周治之,獄少反者。乃分遣御史廷尉正監分曹往,即治郡國緡錢,得民財物以億計,奴婢以千萬數,田大縣數百頃,小縣百餘頃,宅亦如之。於是商賈中家以上大率破,民偷甘食好衣,不事畜藏之產業,而縣官有鹽鐵緡錢之故,用益饒矣。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 37
初,大農筦鹽鐵官布多,置水衡,欲以主鹽鐵;及楊可告緡錢,上林財物眾,乃令水衡主上林。上林既充滿,益廣。是時越欲與漢用船戰逐,乃大修昆明池,列觀環之。治樓船,高十餘丈,旗幟加其上,甚壯。於是天子感之,乃作柏梁臺,高數十丈。宮室之修,由此日麗。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 38
乃分緡錢諸官,而水衡、少府、大農、太仆各置農官,往往即郡縣比沒入田田之。其沒入奴婢,分諸苑養狗馬禽獸,及與諸官。諸官益雜置多,徒奴婢眾,而下河漕度四百萬石,及官自糴乃足。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 39
所忠言:「世家子弟富人或鬬雞走狗馬,弋獵博戲,亂齊民。」乃徵諸犯令,相引數千人,命曰「株送徒」。入財者得補郎,郎選衰矣。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 40
是時山東被河菑,及歲不登數年,人或相食,方一二千里。天子憐之,詔曰:「江南火耕水耨,令饑民得流就食江淮閒,欲留,留處。」遣使冠蓋相屬於道,護之,下巴蜀粟以振之。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 41
其明年,天子始巡郡國。東度河,河東守不意行至,不辨,自殺。行西踰隴,隴西守以行往卒,天子從官不得食,隴西守自殺。於是上北出蕭關,從數萬騎,獵新秦中,以勒邊兵而歸。新秦中或千里無亭徼,於是誅北地太守以下,而令民得畜牧邊縣,官假馬母,三歲而歸,及息什一,以除告緡,用充仞新秦中。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 42
既得寶鼎,立后土、太一祠,公卿議封禪事,而天下郡國皆豫治道橋,繕故宮,及當馳道縣,縣治官儲,設供具,而望以待幸。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 43
其明年,南越反,西羌侵邊為桀。於是天子為山東不贍,赦天下[囚],因南方樓船卒二十餘萬人擊南越,數萬人發三河以西騎擊西羌,又數萬人度河筑令居。初置張掖、酒泉郡,而上郡、朔方、西河、河西開田官,斥塞卒六十萬人戍田之。中國繕道餽糧,遠者三千,近者千餘里,皆仰給大農。邊兵不足,乃發武庫工官兵器以贍之。車騎…
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 44
齊相卜式上書曰:「臣聞主憂臣辱。南越反,臣願父子與齊習船者往死之。」天子下詔曰:「卜式雖躬耕牧,不以為利,有餘輒助縣官之用。今天下不幸有急,而式奮願父子死之,雖未戰,可謂義形於內。賜爵關內侯,金六十斤,田十頃。」布告天下,天下莫應。列侯以百數,皆莫求從軍擊羌、越。至酎,少府省金,而列侯坐酎金失侯者…
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 45
式既在位,見郡國多不便縣官作鹽鐵,鐵器苦惡,賈貴,或彊令民賣買之。而船有算,商者少,物貴,乃因孔僅言船算事。上由是不悅卜式。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 46
漢連兵三歲,誅羌,滅南越,番禺以西至蜀南者置初郡十七,且以其故俗治,毋賦稅。南陽、漢中以往郡,各以地比給初郡吏卒奉食幣物,傳車馬被具。而初郡時時小反,殺吏,漢發南方吏卒往誅之,閒歲萬餘人,費皆仰給大農。大農以均輸調鹽鐵助賦,故能贍之。然兵所過縣,為以訾給毋乏而已,不敢言擅賦法矣。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 47
其明年,,卜式貶秩為太子太傅。而桑弘羊為治粟都尉,領大農,盡代僅筦天下鹽鐵。弘羊以諸官各自市,相與爭,物故騰躍,而天下賦輸或不償其僦費,乃請置大農部丞數十人,分部主郡國,各往往縣置均輸鹽鐵官,令遠方各以其物貴時商賈所轉販者為賦,而相灌輸。置平準于京師,都受天下委輸。召工官治車諸器,皆仰給大農。大農…
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 48
弘羊又請令吏得入粟補官,及罪人贖罪。令民能入粟甘泉各有差,以復終身,不告緡。他郡各輸急處,而諸農各致粟,山東漕益歲六百萬石。一歲之中,太倉、甘泉倉滿。邊餘穀諸物均輸帛五百萬匹。民不益賦而天下用饒。於是弘羊賜爵左庶長,黃金再百斤焉。
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 平準書, Entry 49
是歲小旱,上令官求雨,卜式言曰:「縣官當食租衣稅而已,今弘羊令吏坐市列肆,販物求利。亨弘羊,天乃雨。」
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 太史公曰, Entry 1
農工商交易之路通,而龜貝金錢刀布之幣興焉。所從來久遠,自高辛氏之前尚矣,靡得而記云。故書道唐虞之際,詩述殷周之世,安寧則長庠序,先本絀末,以禮義防于利;事變多故而亦反是。是以物盛則衰,時極而轉,一質一文,終始之變也。禹貢九州,各因其土地所宜,人民所多少而納職焉。湯武承弊易變,使民不倦,各兢兢所以為…
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Records of the Grand Historian, 平準書, 索隱述贊, Entry 1
平準之立,通貨天下。既入縣官,或振華夏。其名刀布,其文龍馬。增算告緡,裒多益寡。弘羊心計,卜式長者。都內充殷,取贍郊野。
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The Wealth of Nations, Book I, Chapter I, Paragraph 25
Whatever be the actual state of the skill, dexterity, and judgment, with which labour is applied in any nation, the abundance or scantiness of its…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book I, Chapter I, Paragraph 40
It is the great multiplication of the productions of all the different arts, in consequence of the division of labour, which occasions, in a…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book I, Chapter IV, Paragraph 67
What are the rules which men naturally observe, in exchanging them either for money, or for one another, I shall now proceed to examine. These…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book I, Chapter IV, Paragraph 68
The word VALUE, it is to be observed, has two different meanings, and sometimes expresses the utility of some particular object, and sometimes the…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book I, Chapter IV, Paragraph 72
And, lastly, what are the different circumstances which sometimes raise some or all of these different parts of price above, and sometimes sink…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book I, Chapter V, Paragraph 82
But though equal quantities of labour are always of equal value to the labourer, yet to the person who employs him they appear sometimes to be of…
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The Wealth of Nations, Book I, Chapter V, Paragraph 83
In this popular sense, therefore, labour, like commodities, may be said to have a real and a nominal price. Its real price may be said to consist…
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